python 2.5 学习笔记NULL 博文链接：https://shixm.iteye.com/b

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详细说明：NULL 博文链接：https://shixm.iteye.com/blog/381884abstract Python is an easy to learn, powerful programming language. It has efficient high-level data structures and a simple but effective approach to ohject-oriented programming. Python's elegant syntax and dynamic typing, together with its interpreted nature, make it an ideal language for scripting and rapid application development in many areas on most platforms Python是一种容易学习的强大的编程语言。它包含了高效的高级数据结构,能够用简单而高效的方式进行面向对象编程。 Python优雅的语法和动态类型,以及它夭然的解释能力,使其成为了大多欻平台上广泛适用于各领域的理想脚本语言和开发环境 The Python interpreter and the extensive standard library are freely available in source or binary form for all major platformsfromthePythonWebsitehttp://www.pythonorg/,andmaybefreelydistributedThesamesite lso contains distributions of and pointers to many free third party python modules, programs and tools, and additional documentation Python解释器及其扩展标准库的源码和编译版木可以从Python的Web站点,htp:/www.PythOn,or9/及其所有镜像站上免费获得,并且可以自由发布。该站点上也提供了 Python的一些第三方模块,程序,工具,以及附加的文档。 The Python interpreter is easily extended with new functions and data types implemented in C or C++(or other languages callable from C). Python is also suitable as an extension language for customizable applications Python解释器可以很容易的通过C或者C艹-(或者其它可以通过C调用的语言)扩展新函数和数据类型。 Python也可以作为定制应用的扩展语言 This tutorial introduces the reader informally to the basic concepts and features of the Python language and system. It helps to have a Python interpreter handy for hands but all examples are self can be read off-line as well 本手册向读者介绍 Python语言及其系统的基本知识与概念。配合 Python解释器学习会很有帮助,不过所有的例子都已包括在文中,所以这本手册也很可以离线阅读 For a description of standard objects and modules, see the Python Library Reference document. The Python refer- ence Manual gives a more formal definition of the language. To write extensions in C or C++, read Extending and Embedding the Python Interpreter and Python/C API Reference. There are also several books covering Python in depth 需要有关标准对象和模块的详细介绍的话,请查询 Python庳参考手册文档。Pytωn参考手册提供了更多的关于语言方面的正式说明。需要编写C或C十十扩展,请阅读 Python解释器的扩展和集成以及 Python/C API参考手册。这几本书涵盖了各个深度上的 Python知 This tutorial does not attempt to be comprehensive and cover every single feature, or even every commonly used feature. Instead, it introduces many of Pythons most noteworthy features, and will give you a good idea of the languages flavor and style. After reading it, you will be able to read and write Python modules and programs, and you will be ready to learn more about the various Python library modules described in the Python Library reference 本手册不会涵盖 Python的所有功能,也不会去解释所用到的所有相关的知识。相反,它介绍了许多 Python 中最引人注目的功能,这会对读者掌握这门语言的风格大有帮助。读过它后,你应该可以阅读和编写 Python 模块和程序,接下来可以从 Python库参考手册中进一步学习 Python复杂多变的库和模块。 CONTENTS Whetting YourΔ petite开胃 2 Using the python Interpreter使用 Python解释器 5 2 evoking the Interpreter调用解释器 2.2 The Interpreter and Its Environment解粹器及其环境阝 More Control Flow tools深入流程控制 3.1 if Statements 3.2 for Statements for语句 33 The range() Function range(亟数 34 reak and continue statements, and else Clauses on Loops break和 cont inue语句,以及循环肀的e1se子句 35° ass statements pass句 14 B6 Defining Functions父叉函数 14 37 More on Defining Functions深入函数定义 16 4 Data Structures.敬据结构 More on Lists深入链表 42 The del statement de1语句 28 3, Tuples and Sequences元组和斥列 4Ses集台 45 Dictionaries字典 46 Looping Techniques循环技不 47 More on Conditions深入茶仵控制 A8( Comparing Sequences and Other Types不同厅列芙型的比较,., 34 Modules:模块 37 51 More on modules:深入模夫 38 52 Standard Modules标准模墺 ...41 53 Their() Function dir()函数。 42 54 Packages包]. 6 Input and Output输入和输出 6Ⅰ Fancier Output Formatting改计瑜出格· 4 6.2 Reading and writing Files渎写文件 53 ⑦ Errors and Exceptions错误和异 71 Syntax上ror话法错误 57 72 Exceptions异常 57 73 Handling Exceptions处理异鬧 58 74 Raising Exceptions抛出异常 75 User-defined Exceptions月户自定义并常 76 Defining Clean-up Actions定义清理行为 77 Predefined clean唧 up Actions预定义清理行为 .,,.,.65 8 Classes 81 A Word About Terminology术语澂谡 82 Python Scopes and Name Spaces作用域和命名空间 68 8.3 A First look at classes初识类 70 84 Random remarks一些说明 74 8.5 Inheritance继承 76 86 Private variables私有变里 77 8.7 Odds and ends补死 78 8卫 xceptions Are Classes⑦异常也是类 79 8.9 Iterators迭代 80 B,10 generators生成器 8.11 Generator Expressions生成器表达式 Brief Tour of the Standard Library标准厍概览 91 Operating System Interface操作系统接口 92 File wildcards文件通配行 93 Command Line arguments命令行参数 94 Error Output Redirection and Program Termination错误输出重定向和程片终止 9.5 String Pattern Matching字苻串正则匹营 96 Mathematics数学 97 nternet Access互联网访问 98 Dates and times日期和时间 86 99 Data Compression敬据压缩 87 9.10 Performance measurement性能度量 87 9 11 Quality Control质控制 9.12 Batteries Included 88 10 Brief Tour of the Standard Library-PartⅡ标准厍概览 10 Output Formatting格式化输出 10,2 Templating模版 92 03 Working with Binary Data Record Layouts使用三进制记录层. 04 Multi-threading多线程 05 Logging日志 0.6 Weak references弱引用 107 Tools for working with lis链表工具 I08 Decimal Floating Point Arithmetic十进制浮点数算法 98 11 What Now? A Interactive Input Editing and History Substitution 101 A 1 Line editing History substitution Key bindings .101 A 4 Commentary 103 B Floating Point Arithmetic: Issues and Limitations 105 B. 1 Representation Error 107 C History and License 109 C 1 history of the softwa ....109 ns and conditions for accessing or otherwise using Python 110 C.3 nses and Acknow ledgements for Incorporated Software. 113 Glossary 123 127 CHAPTER ONE Whetting Your Appetite开胃菜 If you do much work on computers, eventually you find that there's some task you'd like to automate. For example, you may wish to perform a search-and-replace over a large number of text files, or rename and rearrange a bunch of photo files in a complicated way. Perhaps you'd like to write a small custom database, or a specialized GUI application or a simple game 假设如果你要用计算机做很多工作,你希望有些任务可以自动完成。例如,你可能希望在大量的文本文件中进行查找替换操作,乜许是通过复杂的方式重命名并重新摆放一批图像文件。可能你喜欢写个小的定制数据库,或者特殊的GUI应用程序,或者简单的游戏。 If you're a professional software developer, you may have to work with several C/C++/Java libraries but find the usual write/compile/test/re-compile cycle is too slow. Perhaps you're writing a test suite for such a library and find writing the testing code a tedious task. Or maybe youve written a program that could use an extension language, and you dont want to design and implement a whole new language for your application 如果你是个专业的软件开发者,你可能要用几个CC艹+JaⅦa库工作,但是发现通常的编写/编译例试/重编译循环太慢了。可能你在给毎个库编写对应的测试代码,但是发现这是一个烦人的活儿。或者你在编写一个带有扩展语言的程序,而你不想给你的应用程序设计和实现一门全新的语言 Python is just the language for you Python就是你需要的语言 You could write a UNIX Shell script or Windows batch files for some of these tasks, but shell scripts are best at moving around files and changing text data, not well-suited for GUI applications or games. You could write a C/C++/Java program, but it can take a lot of development time to get even a first-draft program. Python is simpler to use, available on Windows, MacOS X, and UNIX operating systems, and will help you get the job done more quickl 你能够针对一些任务编写UNIⅹ shell脚或者 Windows批处理文件,但是脚本语言最擅长移动文件和修改文本数据,不适合GUI应用程序或者游戏。你能写CC+-Java程序,但是这些技术就是开发最简单的程序也要用去大量的开发时间。无论在 Windows、 MacosⅩ或者UNIX操作系统上, Python非常易于使用,可以帮助你更快的完成任务 Python is simple to use, but it is a real programming language, offering much more structure and support for large pro grams than shell scripts or batch files can offer. On the other hand, Python also offers much more error checking than C, and, being a very-high-level language, it has high-level data types built in, such as flexible arrays and dictionaries Because of its more general data types Python is applicable to a much larger problem domain than Awk or even Perl yet many things are at least as easy in Python as in those languages Python很容易上手,但它是一门真正的编程语言,相对于Shl,它提供的针对大型程序的支持和结构要多的多。另一方面,它提供了比C更多的错误检查,并且,做为一门非常高级的语言,它拥有内置的高级数据类型,例如可变数组和字典,如果通过C来实现的话,这些工作可能让你大干上几天的时间。因为拥有更多的通用数据类型, Python适合比Aw甚至Penl更广泛的问题领域,在其它的很多领域, Python至少比别的语要易用得多 Python allows you to split your program into modules that can be reused in other Python programs. It comes with a large collection of standard modules that you can use as the basis of your programs -or as examples to start learning to program in Python. Some of these modules provide things like file I/O, system calls, sockets, and even interfaces to graphical user interface toolkits like Tk Python可以让你把自己的程序分隔成不同的模块,以便在其它的 Python程序中重用。这样你就可以让自己的程序基于一个很大的标准模块集或者用它们做为示例来学习 Python编程。 Python中集成了一些类似文件IO,系统调用, sockets,甚至像Tk这样的图形工具接口。 Python is an interpreted language, which can save you considerable time during program development because no compilation and linking is necessary. The interpreter can be used interactively, which makes it easy to experiment with features of the language, to write throw-away programs, or to test functions during bottom-up program development It is also a handy desk calculator Python是一门解释型语言,因为不需要编译和链接的时间,它可以帮你省下一些开发时间。解释器可以交互式使用,这样就可以很方便的测试语言中的各种功能,以便于编写发布用的程序,或者进行自下而上的开发。还可以当它是一个随手可用的计算器。 Python enables programs to be written compactly and readably. Programs written in Python are typically much shorter than equivalent c, c+t, or Java programs for several reasons Python可以写出很紧凑和可读性很强的程序。用 Python写的程序通常比冋样的C、C++或Java程序要短得多,这是因为以下几个原囚: the high-level data types allow you to express complex operations in a single statement statement grouping is done by indentation instead of beginning and ending brackets no variable or argument declarations are necessary 高级数据结构使你可以在一个单独的语句中表达出很复杂的操作 ·语句的组织依赖于缩进而不是 begin/end块不需要变量或参数声明. Python is extensible: if you know how to program in C it is easy to add a new built-in function or module to the interpreter, either to perform critical operations at maximum speed, or to link Python programs to libraries that may only be available in binary form( such as a vendor-specific graphics library). Once you are really hooked, you can link the Python interpreter into an application written in C and use it as an extension or command language for that application Python是可扩展的:如果你会用C语言写程序,那就可以很容易的为解释器添加新的集成模块和功能,或者优化瓶颈,使其达到最大速度,或者使 Python能够链接到所需的二进制架构上(比如某个专用的商业图形库)。等你真正熟悉这一切了,你就可以将 Python集成进由C写成的程序,把 Python当做这个桯序的扩展或命令行语言 nasty reptiles. Making references to Monty Python skits in documentation is not only allowed, it is encouraged ith By the way, the language is named after the BBC show "Monty Pythons Flying Circus "and has nothing to do 顺便说一下,这个语言的名字来源于BBC的“ Monty Python' s Flying Circus”节目,和凶猛的爬虫没有任何关系。在文档中引用 Monty Python典故不仅是允许的,而且还受到鼓励! Now that you are all excited about Python, you'll want to examine it in some more detail. Since the best way to learn a language is to use it, the tutorial invites you to play with the Python interpreter as you read 现在我们已经了解了 Python中所有激动人心的东西,大概你想仔细的试试它了。学习一门语言最好的办法就是使用它,如你所读到的,本文会引领你运用 Python解释器 In the next chapter, the mechanics of using the interpreter are explained. This is rather mundane information, but essential for trying out the examples show n later 下一节中,我们直接说明解释器的用法。这没有什么神秘的内容,不过有助于我们练习后面展示的例子 pter1. Whetting Your Appetite开胃菜

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