Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Drawing a Triangle 2 1.2 Drawing a Triangle Mesh 17 1.3 Drawing a Complicated Scene 27 1.4 Abstraction of Systems 27 Chapter 2 Core Systems 31 2.1 The Low-Level System 31 2.1.1 Basic Data Structures 33 2.1.2 Encapsulatin
CONTENTS 1 MATHEMATICAL PRELIMINARIES 1.1 Invariants 1 1.2 Some geometrical invariants 2 1.3 Elements of differential geometry 5 1.4 Gaussian coordinates and the invariant line element 7 1.5 Geometry and groups 10 1.6 Vectors 13 1.7 Quaternions 13 1
Particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm has been developing rapidly and has been applied widely since it was introduced, as it is easily understood and realized. This paper presents an improved particle swarm optimization algorithm (IPSO) to imp
