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文件名称: KR_the_C_programming_language.pdf

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详细说明： Contents Introduction Introduction to The Objective-C Programming Language 9 Who Should Read This Document 9 Organization of This Document 10 Conventions 10 See Also 11 Runtime 11 Memory Management 11 Chapter 1 Objects, Classes, and Messaging 13 Runtime 13 Objects 13 Object Basics 13 id 14 Dynamic Typing 14 Memory Management 15 Object Messaging 15 Message Syntax 15 Sending Messages to nil 17 The Receiver’s Instance Variables 18 Polymorphism 18 Dynamic Binding 19 Dynamic Method Resolution 20 Dot Syntax 20 Classes 23 Inheritance 2 4 Class Types 27 Class Objects 28 Class Names in Source Code 32 Testing Class Equality 33 Chapter 2 Defining a Class 35 Source Files 35 Class Interface 35 Importing the Interface 37 Referring to Other Classes 37 The Role of the Interface 38 Class Implementation 38 Referring to Instance Variables 39 The Scope of Instance Variables 40 Messages to self and super 43 An Example 44 Using super 45 Redefining self 46 Chapter 3 Allocating and Initializing Objects 47 Allocating and Initializing Objects 47 The Returned Object 47 Implementing an Initializer 48 Constraints and Conventions 48 Handling Initialization Failure 50 Coordinating Classes 51 The Designated Initializer 53 Combining Allocation and Initialization 55 Chapter 4 Protocols 57 Declaring Interfaces for Others to Implement 57 Methods for Others to Implement 58 Declaring Interfaces for Anonymous Objects 59 Non-Hierarchical Similarities 59 Formal Protocols 60 Declaring a Protocol 60 Optional Protocol Methods 60 Informal Protocols 61 Protocol Objects 62 Adopting a Protocol 62 Conforming to a Protocol 63 Type Checking 63 Protocols Within Protocols 64 Referring to Other Protocols 65 Chapter 5 Declared Properties 67 Overview 67 Property Declaration and Implementation 67 Property Declaration 67 Property Declaration Attributes 68 Property Implementation Directives 71 Using Properties 72 Supported Types 72 Property Re-declaration 72 Copy 73 dealloc 74 Core Foundation 74 Example 75 Subclassing with Properties 76 Performance and Threading 77 Runtime Difference 78 Chapter 6 Categories and Extensions 79 Adding Methods to Classes 79 How you Use Categories 80 Categories of the Root Class 81 Extensions 81 Chapter 7 Associative References 83 Adding Storage Outside a Class Definition 83 Creating Associations 83 Retrieving Associated Objects 84 Breaking Associations 84 Complete Example 84 Chapter 8 Fast Enumeration 87 The for…in Feature 87 Adopting Fast Enumeration 87 Using Fast Enumeration 88 Chapter 9 Enabling Static Behavior 91 Default Dynamic Behavior 91 Static Typing 91 Type Checking 92 Return and Argument Types 93 Static Typing to an Inherited Class 93 Chapter 10 Selectors 95 Methods and Selectors 95 SEL and @selector 95 Methods and Selectors 96 Method Return and Argument Types 96 Varying the Message at Runtime 96 The Target-Action Design Pattern 97 Avoiding Messaging Errors 97 Chapter 11 Exception Handling 99 Enabling Exception-Handling 99 Exception Handling 99 Catching Different Types of Exception 100 Throwing Exceptions 100 Chapter 12 Threading 103 Synchronizing Thread Execution 103 Chapter 13 Remote Messaging 105 Distributed Objects 105 Language Support 106 Synchronous and Asynchronous Messages 107 Pointer Arguments 107 Proxies and Copies 109 Chapter 14 Using C++ With Objective-C 111 Mixing Objective-C and C++ Language Features 111 C++ Lexical Ambiguities and Conflicts 114 Limitations 115 Appendix A Language Summary 117 Messages 117 Defined Types 117 Preprocessor Directives 118 Compiler Directives 118 Classes 120 Categories 120 Formal Protocols 121 Method Declarations 122 Method Implementations 122 Deprecation Syntax 122 Naming Conventions 123 Document Revision History 125 Glossary 129 Index 133 Figures and Listings Chapter 1 Objects, Classes, and Messaging 13 Figure 1-1 Some Drawing Program Classes 24 Figure 1-2 Rectangle Instance Variables 25 Figure 1-3 Inheritance hierarchy for NSCell 30 Listing 1-1 Accessing properties using the dot syntax 20 Listing 1-2 Accessing properties using bracket syntax 21 Listing 1-3 Implementation of the initialize method 32 Chapter 2 Defining a Class 35 Figure 2-1 The scope of instance variables 41 Figure 2-2 High, Mid, Low 44 Chapter 3 Allocating and Initializing Objects 47 Figure 3-1 Incorporating an Inherited Initialization Method 52 Figure 3-2 Covering an Inherited Initialization Model 53 Figure 3-3 Covering the Designated Initializer 54 Figure 3-4 Initialization Chain 55 Chapter 5 Declared Properties 67 Listing 5-1 Declaring a simple property 68 Listing 5-2 Using @synthesize 71 Listing 5-3 Using @dynamic with direct method implementations 72 Listing 5-4 Declaring properties for a class 75 Chapter 7 Associative References 83 Listing 7-1 Establishing an association between an array and a string 83 Chapter 11 Exception Handling 99 Listing 11-1 An exception handler 100 Chapter 12 Threading 103 Listing 12-1 Locking a method using self 103 Listing 12-2 Locking a method using a custom semaphore 104 Chapter 13 Remote Messaging 105 Figure 13-1 Remote Messages 106 Figure 13-2 Round-Trip Message 107 Chapter 14 Using C++ With Objective-C 111 Listing 14-1 Using C++ and Objective-C instances as instance variables 111 ...展开收缩

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