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Oracle Concepts 11g R2 英文版
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详细说明： Oracle Concepts官方文档，不论是从事ORACLE数据库管理还是ORACLE应用开发，都应该读一读。 Contents Preface .. xiii Audience.... xiii Documentation Accessibility . xiii Related Documentation... xiv Conventions .... xiv 1 Introduction to Oracle Database A Brief Introduction to Relational Databases 1-1 Database Management System (DBMS) ..... 1-1 The Relational Model. 1-2 Relational Database Management System (RDBMS).. 1-2 A Brief History of Oracle Database . 1-3 Schema Objects.... 1-4 Tables .. 1-4 Indexes 1-4 Data Access ..... 1-5 Structured Que ry Language (SQL).. 1-5 PL/SQL and Java . 1-5 Transaction Management..... 1-6 Transactions ... 1-6 Data Concurrency 1-6 Data Consistency. 1-7 Oracle Database Architecture .... 1-7 Database and Instance ..... 1-7 Database Storage Structures . 1-8 Database Instance Structures 1-9 Application and Networking Architecture ... 1-10 Oracle Database Documentation Roadmap. 1-12 Basic Group. 1-12 Intermediate Group 1-12 Advanced Group.... 1-13 Part I Oracle Relational Data Structures iv 2 Tables and Table Clusters Introduction to Schema Objects 2-1 Schema Object Types . 2-2 Schema Object Storage .... 2-3 Schema Object Dependencies..... 2-4 SYS and SYSTEM Schemas ... 2-5 Sample Schemas .. 2-6 Overview of Tables ... 2-6 Columns and Rows... 2-7 Example: CREATE TABLE and ALTER TABLE Statements . 2-7 Oracle Data Types..... 2-9 Integrity Constraints.... 2-14 Object Tables ..... 2-15 Temporary Tables .. 2-15 External Tables . 2-16 Table Storage..... 2-18 Overview of Table Clusters ..... 2-20 Overview of Indexed Clusters. 2-21 Overview of Hash Clusters 2-23 3 Indexes and Index-Organized Tables Overview of Indexes. 3-1 Index Characteristics . 3-2 B-Tree Indexes ..... 3-5 Bitmap Indexes . 3-11 Function-Based Indexes ..... 3-16 Application Domain Indexes... 3-17 Index Storage .... 3-18 Overview of Index-Organized Tables ..... 3-18 Index-Organized Table Characteristics.... 3-19 Index-Organized Tables with Row Overflow Area . 3-21 Secondary Indexes on Index-Organized Tables . 3-21 4 Partitions, Views, and Other Schema Objects Overview of Partitions .... 4-1 Partition Characteristics .. 4-2 Partitioned Tables 4-7 Partitioned Indexes .... 4-7 Partitioned Index-Organized Tables .. 4-12 Overview of Views. 4-12 Characteristics of Views ..... 4-13 Updatable Join Views ... 4-15 Object Views ..... 4-16 Overview of Materialized Views . 4-16 Characteristics of Materialized Views 4-17 Refresh Methods for Materialized Views 4-18 v Query Rewrite... 4-19 Overview of Sequences..... 4-20 Sequence Characteristics .... 4-20 Concurrent Access to Sequences... 4-20 Overview of Dimensions... 4-21 Hierarchical Structure of a Dimension..... 4-21 Creation of Dimensions 4-21 Overview of Synonyms..... 4-22 5 Data Integrity Introduction to Data Integrity.... 5-1 Techniques for Guaranteeing Data Integrity ... 5-1 Advantages of Integrity Constraints ..... 5-1 Types of Integrity Constraints ... 5-2 NOT NULL Integrity Constraints.... 5-3 Unique Constraints .... 5-3 Primary Key Constraints. 5-5 Foreign Key Constraints.. 5-6 Check Constraints 5-9 States of Integrity Constraints 5-10 Checks for Modified and Existing Data... 5-10 Deferrable Constraints.. 5-11 Examples of Constraint Checking 5-12 6 The Data Dictionary and Dynamic Performance Views Overview of the Data Dictionary .... 6-1 Contents of the Data Dictionary 6-2 Storage of the Data Dictionary ... 6-4 How Oracle Database Uses the Data Dictionary .. 6-4 Overview of the Dynamic Performance Views .... 6-5 Contents of the Dynamic Performance Views . 6-6 Storage of the Dynamic Performance Views.... 6-6 Database Object Metadata.... 6-6 Part II Oracle Data Access 7 SQL Introduction to SQL.. 7-1 SQL Data Access.. 7-1 SQL Standards ..... 7-2 Overview of SQL Statements..... 7-3 Data Definition Language (DDL) Statements .. 7-3 Data Manipulation Language (DML) Statements . 7-4 Transaction Control Statements. 7-8 Session Control Statements... 7-8 System Control Statement..... 7-9 vi Embedded SQL Statements .. 7-9 Overview of the Optimizer ..... 7-10 Use of the Optimizer.... 7-10 Optimizer Components 7-11 Access Paths 7-12 Optimizer Statistics . 7-13 Optimizer Hints 7-14 Overview of SQL Processing .. 7-15 Stages of SQL Processing ... 7-15 How Oracle Database Processes DML..... 7-22 How Oracle Database Processes DDL 7-23 8 Server-Side Programming: PL/SQL and Java Introduction to Server-Side Programming 8-1 Overview of PL/SQL. 8-2 PL/SQL Subprograms .... 8-3 PL/SQL Packages 8-6 PL/SQL Anonymous Blocks 8-9 PL/SQL Language Constructs ... 8-9 PL/SQL Collections and Records. 8-10 How PL/SQL Runs. 8-11 Overview of Java in Oracle Database 8-12 Overview of the Java Virtual Machine (JVM)..... 8-13 Java Programming Environment .. 8-14 Overview of Triggers .... 8-16 Advantages of Triggers 8-17 Types of Triggers.... 8-17 Timing for Triggers 8-18 Creation of Triggers 8-18 Execution of Triggers.... 8-21 Storage of Triggers .. 8-21 Part III Oracle Transaction Management 9 Transactions Introduction to Transactions 9-1 Sample Transaction: Account Debit and Credit .... 9-2 Structure of a Transaction ..... 9-2 Statement-Level Atomicity ... 9-4 System Change Numbers (SCNs).... 9-5 Overview of Transaction Control .... 9-6 Transaction Names .... 9-7 Active Transactions... 9-7 Savepoints 9-8 Rollback of Transactions .... 9-10 Committing Transactions... 9-10 vii Overview of Autonomous Transactions . 9-11 Overview of Distributed Transactions.... 9-12 Two-Phase Commit 9-13 In-Doubt Transactions. 9-13 10 Data Concurrency and Consistency Introduction to Data Concurrency and Consistency .... 10-1 Multiversion Read Consistency .... 10-2 Locking Mechanisms .... 10-5 ANSI/ISO Transaction Isolation Levels .. 10-5 Overview of Oracle Database Transaction Isolation Levels ... 10-6 Read Committed Isolation Level .. 10-6 Serializable Isolation Level 10-8 Read-Only Isolation Level ..... 10-11 Overview of the Oracle Database Locking Mechanism.. 10-11 Summary of Locking Behavior.... 10-12 Use of Locks .... 10-12 Lock Modes..... 10-15 Lock Conversion and Escalation. 10-15 Lock Duration. 10-16 Locks and Deadlocks .. 10-16 Overview of Automatic Locks .... 10-17 DML Locks 10-18 DDL Locks. 10-24 System Locks... 10-25 Overview of Manual Data Locks 10-26 Overview of User-Defined Locks..... 10-27 Part IV Oracle Database Storage Structures 11 Physical Storage Structures Introduction to Physical Storage Structures 11-1 Mechanisms for Storing Database Files ... 11-2 Oracle Automatic Storage Management (Oracle ASM) 11-3 Oracle-Managed and User-Managed Files.... 11-6 Overview of Data Files. 11-7 Use of Data Files ..... 11-7 Permanent and Temporary Data Files ..... 11-8 Online and Offline Data Files .. 11-9 Data File Structure .. 11-9 Overview of Control Files ..... 11-10 Use of Control Files .... 11-10 Multiple Control Files 11-11 Control File Structure . 11-11 Overview of the Online Redo Log... 11-12 Use of the Online Redo Log... 11-12 viii How Oracle Database Writes to the Online Redo Log 11-12 Structure of the Online Redo Log ..... 11-15 12 Logical Storage Structures Introduction to Logical Storage Structures .. 12-1 Logical Storage Hierarchy.. 12-2 Logical Space Management ..... 12-2 Overview of Data Blocks ... 12-6 Data Blocks and Operating System Blocks.... 12-6 Data Block Format.. 12-7 Data Block Compression .. 12-11 Space Management in Data Blocks... 12-11 Overview of Extents... 12-18 Allocation of Extents .. 12-18 Deallocation of Extents .... 12-19 Storage Parameters for Extents .. 12-20 Overview of Segments ..... 12-21 User Segments 12-21 Temporary Segments . 12-23 Undo Segments..... 12-24 Segment Space and the High Water Mark .. 12-24 Overview of Tablespaces . 12-27 Permanent Tablespaces .... 12-27 Temporary Tablespaces.... 12-30 Tablespace Modes . 12-30 Tablespace File Size .... 12-32 Part V Oracle Instance Architecture 13 The Oracle Database Instance Introduction to the Oracle Database Instance ... 13-1 Database Instance Structure .... 13-1 Database Instance Configurations 13-2 Overview of Instance Startup and Shutdown ... 13-5 Overview of Instance and Database Startup 13-5 Overview of Database and Instance Shutdown . 13-8 Overview of Checkpoints 13-11 Purpose of Checkpoints ... 13-11 When Oracle Database Initiates Checkpoints... 13-11 Overview of Instance Recovery.. 13-12 Purpose of Instance Recovery ..... 13-12 When Oracle Database Performs Instance Recovery... 13-12 Importance of Checkpoints for Instance Recovery 13-13 Instance Recovery Phases 13-14 Overview of Parameter Files . 13-15 Initialization Parameters .. 13-15 ix Server Parameter Files 13-16 Text Initialization Parameter Files.... 13-16 Modification of Initialization Parameter Values .... 13-17 Overview of Diagnostic Files 13-18 Automatic Diagnostic Repository..... 13-19 Alert Log.... 13-21 Trace Files.. 13-22 14 Memory Architecture Introduction to Oracle Database Memory Structures .. 14-1 Basic Memory Structures ... 14-1 Oracle Database Memory Management .. 14-3 Overview of the User Global Area..... 14-3 Overview of the Program Global Area ... 14-4 Contents of the PGA ..... 14-5 PGA Usage in Dedicated and Shared Server Modes ..... 14-7 Overview of the System Global Area 14-7 Database Buffer Cache.. 14-8 Redo Log Buffer .... 14-14 Shared Pool .... 14-15 Large Pool.. 14-21 Java Pool .... 14-22 Streams Pool.... 14-23 Fixed SGA.. 14-23 Overview of Software Code Areas... 14-23 15 Process Architecture Introduction to Processes... 15-1 Multiple-Process Oracle Database Systems .. 15-1 Types of Processes.. 15-2 Overview of Client Processes . 15-3 Client and Server Processes ..... 15-3 Connections and Sessions .. 15-4 Overview of Server Processes. 15-6 Dedicated Server Processes ..... 15-6 Shared Server Processes ..... 15-6 Overview of Background Processes... 15-7 Mandatory Background Processes ..... 15-7 Optional Background Processes . 15-11 Slave Processes 15-13 16 Application and Networking Architecture Overview of Oracle Application Architecture... 16-1 Overview of Client/Server Architecture. 16-1 Overview of Multitier Architecture.... 16-3 Overview of Grid Architecture ..... 16-5 x Overview of Oracle Networking Architecture .. 16-5 How Oracle Net Services Works... 16-6 The Oracle Net Listener 16-6 Dedicated Server Architecture 16-9 Shared Server Architecture.... 16-11 Database Resident Connection Pooling . 16-14 Overview of the Program Interface.. 16-15 Program Interface Structure .. 16-16 Program Interface Drivers ..... 16-16 Communications Software for the Operating System. 16-16 Part VI Oracle Database Administration and Development 17 Topics for Database Administrators and Developers Introduction to Common Database Topics... 17-1 Overview of Database Security .... 17-1 User Accounts... 17-1 Authentication .. 17-3 Encryption... 17-4 Access Control .. 17-4 Monitoring .. 17-5 Overview of High Availability ..... 17-6 High Availability and Unplanned Downtime .... 17-6 High Availability and Planned Downtime . 17-10 Overview of Grid Computing..... 17-12 Database Server Grid.. 17-13 Database Storage Grid 17-14 Overview of Data Warehousing and Business Intelligence . 17-15 Data Warehousing and OLTP ..... 17-15 Data Warehouse Architecture ..... 17-16 Overview of Extraction, Transformation, and Loading (ETL) ..... 17-18 Business Intelligence.. 17-19 Overview of Oracle Information Integration .. 17-20 Federated Access ... 17-21 Information Sharing.... 17-22 18 Concepts for Database Administrators Duties of Database Administrators ... 18-1 Tools for Database Administrators .... 18-2 Oracle Enterprise Manager 18-2 SQL*Plus 18-4 Tools for Database Installation and Configuration.. 18-4 Tools for Oracle Net Configuration and Administration.... 18-4 Tools for Data Movement and Analysis .. 18-5 Topics for Database Administrators .. 18-8 Backup and Recovery ... 18-8 xi Memory Management 18-14 Resource Management and Task Scheduling ... 18-18 Performance Diagnostics and Tuning.... 18-20 19 Concepts for Database Developers Duties of Database Developers .... 19-1 Tools for Database Developers ..... 19-1 SQL Developer.. 19-2 Oracle Application Express ..... 19-2 Oracle JDeveloper ... 19-2 Oracle JPublisher.... 19-3 Oracle Developer Tools for Visual Studio .NET. 19-3 Topics for Database Developers ... 19-3 Principles of Application Design and Tuning .... 19-4 Client-Side Database Programming... 19-5 Globalization Support .. 19-8 Unstructured Data...19-11 ...展开收缩
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