精通websphere MQ 目录.................................

文件名称: 精通websphere MQ

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详细说明：目录.................................................................................................................................2 内容提要........................................................................................................................ 13 前言............................................................................................................................... 13 从系统集成到系统整合............................................................................................ 13 消息驱动和消息触发..................... .......................................................................... 15 记号约定................................................................................................................. 15 第 1 章概念与原理........................................................................................................ 16 1.1 简介.......................................................................................................... 16 1.1.1 消息中间件........................................................................................ 16 1.1.2 WebSphere MQ................................................................................... 17 1.1.3 WebSphere MQ 产品.......................................................................... 17 1.2 概念与对象....................................................................................................... 19 1.2.1 消息 (Message) .................................................................................. 19 1.2.2 队列 (Queue) ..................................................................................... 20 1.2.3 队列管理器 (Queue Manager).............................................................. 23 1.2.4 通道 (Channel)................................................................................... 24 1.2.5 名称列表 (Name List)......................................................................... 26 1.2.6 分发列表 (Distribution List) ................................................................ 26 1.2.7 进程定义 (Process)............................................................................. 27 1.2.8 认证信息 (Auth Info).......................................................................... 27 1.2.9 客户端和服务器端 (Client & Server)................................................... 27 1.2.10 操作界面 (MQ Interface)..................................................................... 27 1.2.11 应用程序 (MQ Application)................................................................. 28 1.3 工作原理................................................................................................... 28 1.3.1 PUT 和 GET....................................................................................... 28 1.3.2 协同工作............................................................................................ 29 1.3.3 互连通信............................................................................................ 29 第 2 章安装.................................................................................................................. 31 2.1 安装环境................................................................................................... 32 2.1.1 硬件................................................................................................... 32 2.1.2 操作系统............................................................................................ 32 2.1.3 通信协议............................................................................................ 33 2.2 安装介质................................................................................................... 33 2.2.1 正版................................................................................................... 33 2.2.2 试用版............................................................................................... 33 2.3 安装过程................................................................................................... 33 2.4 缺省配置................................................................................................... 36 2.4.1 准备 WebSphere MQ 向导................................................................... 36 2.4.2 远程管理向导..................................................................................... 37 2.4.3 缺省配置向导..................................................................................... 38 2.5 安装补丁................................................................................................... 40 2.6 其它平台................................................................................................... 40 2.6.1 AIX ................................................................................................... 40 2.6.2 HP-UX............................................................................................... 41 2.6.3 Solaris................................................................................................ 43 2.6.4 Linux ................................................................................................. 45 2.7 安装目录................................................................................................... 46 2.7.1 Windows............................................................................................ 47 2.7.2 AIX ................................................................................................... 47 2.8 安装文档................................................................................................... 48 第 3 章控制与管理........................................................................................................ 48 3.1 MQ 控制命令............................................................................................ 49 3.1.1 MQ 队列管理器控制........................................................................... 49 3.1.2 MQ 命令服务器控制........................................................................... 51 3.1.3 MQ 监听器控制.................................................................................. 52 3.1.4 MQ 触发监控器控制........................................................................... 54 3.1.5 小结................................................................................................... 55 3.2 MQ 对象管理............................................................................................ 55 3.2.1 队列管理器管理................................................................................. 57 3.2.2 队列管理............................................................................................ 57 3.2.3 通道管理............................................................................................ 58 3.2.4 进程定义管理..................................................................................... 60 3.2.5 名称列表管理..................................................................................... 60 3.2.6 认证信息管理..................................................................................... 61 3.2.7 小结................................................................................................... 61 3.3 基本队列操作............................................................................................ 62 3.4 MQ 配置信息............................................................................................ 63 3.4.1 UNIX 配置文件.................................................................................. 63 3.4.2 Windows 注册表................................................................................. 64 3.4.3 Windows 中 MQ 运行环境配置............................................................ 65 3.4.4 Windows 中 MQ 队列管理器配置........................................................ 66 3.5 MQ 管理方式............................................................................................ 67 3.5.1 本地管理............................................................................................ 68 3.5.2 远程管理............................................................................................ 69 3.6 日志 (Log)................................................................................................ 72 3.6.1 队列管理器日志................................................................................. 72 3.6.2 检查点 (Checkpoint)........................................................................... 74 3.6.3 记录和复原 (Record & Recover).......................................................... 75 3.6.4 备份和恢复 (Backup & Restore).......................................................... 76 3.6.5 导出日志 (Dump Log)........................................................................ 77 第 4 章通信与配置........................................................................................................ 77 4.1 消息路由................................................................................................... 77 4.4.1 消息路由过程..................................................................................... 78 4.4.2 缺省传输队列..................................................................................... 78 4.4.3 队列管理器别名................................................................................. 78 4.4.4 多级跳............................................................................................... 79 4.4.5 传输中的消息..................................................................................... 79 4.2 通道配置................................................................................................... 81 4.2.1 Sender (QM1) -- Receiver (QM2).......................................................... 81 4.2.2 Server (QM1) -- Receiver (QM2)........................................................... 82 4.2.3 Server (QM1) -- Requester (QM2)......................................................... 83 4.2.4 Sender (QM1) -- Requester (QM2)......................................................... 84 4.2.5 通道启动命令..................................................................................... 85 4.2.6 通道监控程序..................................................................................... 85 4.3 通道的属性............................................................................................... 86 4.3.1 通道会话............................................................................................ 87 4.3.2 通道协议............................................................................................ 89 4.4 通道的状态............................................................................................... 91 4.4.1 公共状态 (Common Status)................................................................. 91 4.4.2 当前状态 (Current-Only Status) ........................................................... 92 4.4.3 通道状态分析..................................................................................... 93 4.5 互连配置举例............................................................................................ 95 4.5.1 单向传送............................................................................................ 95 4.5.2 双向传送............................................................................................ 96 4.5.3 队列与队列管理器别名....................................................................... 97 4.5.4 三级跳 (Multi-hopping)....................................................................... 98 4.5.5 四级跳 (Multi-hopping)......................................................................100 第 5 章应用设计..........................................................................................................102 5.1 架构设计..................................................................................................102 5.1.1 两点间通信.......................................................................................102 5.1.2 多点间通信.......................................................................................103 5.1.3 同步和异步.......................................................................................103 5.1.4 Client/Server ......................................................................................104 5.1.5 Internet 通信......................................................................................105 5.2 通信方式设计...........................................................................................106 5.2.1 进程间会话模式................................................................................106 5.2.2 系统间通信方式................................................................................107 5.3 并发设计..................................................................................................108 5.3.1 多读多写...........................................................................................108 5.3.2 共享与独占.......................................................................................108 5.3.3 对象绑定...........................................................................................109 5.3.4 队列管理器关闭................................................................................109 5.3.5 分发列表 (Distribution List) ...............................................................109 5.4 消息设计..................................................................................................110 5.4.1 消息大小 (Message Size) ...................................................................110 5.4.2 消息持久性 (Persistence) ...................................................................111 5.4.3 消息优先级 (Priority) ........................................................................112 5.4.4 消息超时 (Expiry).............................................................................113 5.5 发送设计..................................................................................................113 5.5.1 消息标识...........................................................................................113 5.5.2 消息类型...........................................................................................114 5.5.3 消息格式...........................................................................................114 5.5.4 应答队列...........................................................................................115 5.5.5 动态队列...........................................................................................116 5.5.6 用户替换...........................................................................................118 5.6 读取设计..................................................................................................118 5.6.1 等待读取 (Wait & NoWait).................................................................118 5.6.2 信号中断 (Signal)..............................................................................118 5.6.3 截断消息 (Truncated Message) ...........................................................119 5.6.4 浏览消息 (Browse)............................................................................119 5.6.5 格式转换 (Convert) ...........................................................................120 5.6.6 消息匹配 (Match)..............................................................................120 5.6.7 回滚计数 (Backout Count).................................................................121 5.6.8 固化回滚计数 (Harden Backout).........................................................121 5.7 容错设计..................................................................................................122 5.7.1 出错处理...........................................................................................122 5.7.2 报告消息...........................................................................................122 5.7.3 死信消息...........................................................................................122 5.8 小结.........................................................................................................123 第 6 章消息处理..........................................................................................................123 6.1 交易 (Transaction)....................................................................................123 6.1.1 概述..................................................................................................124 6.1.2 本地交易 (Local LUW)......................................................................124 6.1.3 全局交易 (Global LUW) ....................................................................125 6.2 触发 (Trigger)..........................................................................................131 6.2.1 原理..................................................................................................131 6.2.2 触发方式...........................................................................................132 6.2.3 配置..................................................................................................133 6.2.4 触发过程...........................................................................................134 6.2.5 并发..................................................................................................135 6.2.6 通道触发...........................................................................................135 6.2.7 触发 CICS 交易.................................................................................137 6.3 报告 (Report)...................................................................................................138 6.3.1 原理..................................................................................................138 6.3.2 选项..................................................................................................139 6.3.3 说明..................................................................................................140 6.4 分组与分段 (Group & Segment)................................................................141 6.4.1 消息组的发送....................................................................................142 6.4.2 消息组的接收....................................................................................143 6.5 消息上下文 (Message Context)..................................................................144 6.5.1 消息上下文的内容.............................................................................145 6.5.2 消息上下文的编程.............................................................................146 6.6 死信处理 (DLQ Handler)..................................................................................147 6.6.1 死信消息...........................................................................................147 6.6.2 死信队列处理器................................................................................148 6.7 数据转换 (Data Convert)...........................................................................151 6.7.1 转换方式...........................................................................................154 6.7.2 数据转换表 (Convert Table)...............................................................157 第 7 章广播通信..................................................................................................159 7.1 分发列表 (Distribution List) ......................................................................159 7.1.1 概念..................................................................................................159 7.1.2 配置举例...........................................................................................161 7.1.3 编程..................................................................................................162 7.2 发布和订阅 (Pub & Sub)...........................................................................168 7.2.1 概念..................................................................................................168 7.2.2 安装..................................................................................................169 7.2.3 Broker 控制命令................................................................................169 7.2.4 Broker 网络.......................................................................................171 7.2.5 编程设计...........................................................................................173 7.2.6 发布/订阅命令...................................................................................175 7.2.7 常见的问题.......................................................................................178 第 8 章客户端.....................................................................................................179 8.1 配置.........................................................................................................179 8.1.1 Server 端配置....................................................................................180 8.1.2 Client 端配置.....................................................................................180 8.2 用户出口..................................................................................................185 8.2.1 用户出口路径....................................................................................186 8.2.2 排错..................................................................................................186 8.3 安全检查..................................................................................................186 8.4 触发 (Trigger)..........................................................................................188 8.5 跟踪 (Trace).............................................................................................188 8.5.1 Windows...........................................................................................189 8.5.2 AIX ..................................................................................................189 第 9 章群集.........................................................................................................189 9.1 相关概念..................................................................................................190 9.1.1 配置库 (Repository)...........................................................................190 9.1.2 配置库队列管理器 (Repository Queue Manager)..................................190 9.1.3 群集通道 (Cluster Channel)................................................................191 9.1.4 群集队列 (Cluster Queue) ..................................................................191 9.1.5 群集传输队列 (Cluster transmission queue)..........................................191 9.2 群集管理..................................................................................................191 9.2.1 对象属性...........................................................................................191 9.2.2 管理命令...........................................................................................192 9.2.3 管理任务举例....................................................................................193 9.3 群集配置举例...........................................................................................194 9.3.1 例 1 ..................................................................................................194 9.3.2 例 2 ..................................................................................................196 9.3.3 例 3 ..................................................................................................198 9.3.4 例 4 ..................................................................................................201 9.3.5 例 5 ..................................................................................................203 9.3.6 例 6 ..................................................................................................205 9.4 多群集队列实例与共享队列组..................................................................208 9.5 群集负载用户出口 (Cluster Workload User Exit).........................................210 第 10 章监控与性能.....................................................................................................210 10.1 事件 (Event) ..................................................................................................210 10.1.1 概念..................................................................................................210 10.1.2 队列管理器事件 (Queue Manager Event).............................................211 10.1.3 通道事件 (Channel Event)..................................................................214 10.1.4 性能事件 (Performance Event)............................................................215 10.1.5 配置事件 (Configuration Event)..........................................................218 10.1.6 事件消息...........................................................................................219 10.1.7 事件监控...........................................................................................219 10.1.9 实验一：Queue Depth........................................................................220 10.1.10 实验二：Queue Service Interval.........................................................221 10.2 性能设计 (Performance)..................................................................................222 10.2.1 队列管理器性能比较.........................................................................222 10.2.2 数据传递的性能比较.........................................................................230 10.2.3 性能优化...........................................................................................232 10.2.4 小结..................................................................................................234 第 11 章安全协议.........................................................................................................234 11.1 安全通信..................................................................................................235 11.1.1 数据加密...........................................................................................235 11.1.2 报文摘要...............................................................................................236 11.1.3 数字签名...........................................................................................236 11.1.4 SSL...................................................................................................237 11.2 数字证书..................................................................................................239 11.2.1 概念..................................................................................................239 11.2.2 格式..................................................................................................239 11.2.3 根签证书与自签证书.........................................................................241 11.3 WebSphere MQ 配置 SSL.........................................................................241 11.3.1 Server/Server 消息通道......................................................................241 11.3.2 Client/Server MQI 通道 ......................................................................243 11.3.3 SSL 相关的对象属性.........................................................................245 11.3.4 Client 端程序.....................................................................................246 11.3.5 证书部署...........................................................................................246 11.4 实例 1 根签证书......................................................................................247 11.4.1 准备证书...........................................................................................247 11.4.2 配置队列管理器................................................................................249 11.4.3 配置通道...........................................................................................251 11.5 实例 2 自签证书......................................................................................251 11.5.1 准备证书...........................................................................................251 11.5.2 配置队列管理器................................................................................254 11.5.3 配置通道...........................................................................................254 第 12 章用户出口..................................................................................................255 12.1 概述.........................................................................................................255 12.2 Channel Exit .............................................................................................256 12.2.1 Channel Exit 函数 ..............................................................................258 12.2.2 Security Exit ......................................................................................259 12.2.3 Message Exit......................................................................................263 12.2.4 Send Exit...........................................................................................264 12.2.5 Receive Exit.......................................................................................267 12.2.6 Message Retry Exit .............................................................................268 12.2.7 Channel Auto-Definition Exit ...............................................................270 12.2.7 Transport-Retry Exit ...........................................................................271 12.3 Data Conversion Exit .................................................................................272 12.4 Cluster Workload Exit ................................................................................274 12.5 Pub/Sub Routing Exit.................................................................................276 12.6 MQ API Exit.............................................................................................277 12.6.1 设置..................................................................................................278 12.6.2 举例..................................................................................................279 12.6.3 编程设计...........................................................................................279 第 13 章 MQI 编程.......................................................................................................280 13.1 编程入门..................................................................................................280 13.1.1 数据类型...........................................................................................280 13.1.2 数据结构...........................................................................................280 13.1.3 程序流程...........................................................................................281 13.1.4 例程..................................................................................................283 13.2 头文件.....................................................................................................284 13.3 库文件.....................................................................................................284 13.4 编程参考..................................................................................................285 13.4.1 MQCONN.........................................................................................285 13.4.2 MQCONNX.......................................................................................285 13.4.3 MQDISC...........................................................................................285 13.4.4 MQOPEN..........................................................................................286 13.4.5 MQCLOSE........................................................................................286 13.4.6 MQPUT ............................................................................................287 13.4.7 MQPUT1...........................................................................................287 13.4.8 MQGET ............................................................................................287 13.4.9 MQINQ.............................................................................................288 13.4.10 MQSET.............................................................................................288 13.4.11 MQBEGIN ........................................................................................289 13.4.12 MQCMIT ..........................................................................................289 13.4.13 MQBACK.........................................................................................289 第 14 章 Java 编程........................................................................................................290 14.1 安装.........................................................................................................290 14.2 编程设计..................................................................................................291 14.2.1 例程..................................................................................................292 14.3 连接模式..................................................................................................292 14.4 用户出口..................................................................................................293 14.5 多线程.....................................................................................................294 14.6 连接池.....................................................................................................295 14.6.1 例 1：线程之间串行建立连接...........................................................296 14.6.2 例 2：线程之间并行建立连接...........................................................297 14.7 交易保护..................................................................................................298 14.7.1 本地交易 (Local LUW)......................................................................298 14.7.2 全局交易 (Global LUW) ....................................................................298 14.8 Trace........................................................................................................299 第 15 章 JMS 编程.......................................................................................................299 15.1 JMS 对象................................................................................................299 15.1.1 Context..............................................................................................301 15.1.2 ConnectionFactory..............................................................................301 15.1.3 Connection ........................................................................................302 15.1.4 Session..............................................................................................303 15.1.5 MessageConsumer..............................................................................303 15.1.6 MessageProducer................................................................................304 15.1.7 MessageListener .................................................................................305 15.1.8 Message ............................................................................................306 15.2 编程设计..................................................................................................308 15.2.1 Persistence.........................................................................................308 15.2.2 Priority..............................................................................................308 15.2.3 Expiry ...............................................................................................308 15.2.4 Transaction........................................................................................309 15.2.5 Acknowledgment................................................................................310 15.2.6 Message Seletor..................................................................................311 15.2.7 Temporary Destination ........................................................................312 15.2.8 Durable Subscriber .............................................................................312 15.3 MQ JMS 运行环境...................................................................................313 15.3.1 JMS Interface 与 MQ JMS Object.......................................................313 15.3.2 JNDI.................................................................................................313 15.3.3 Client................................................................................................317 15.3.4 CCSID & Encoding ............................................................................318 15.4 ASF.........................................................................................................319 第 16 章 ActiveX 编程..................................................................................................320 16.1 MQAX.....................................................................................................320 16.1.1 程序设计...........................................................................................320 16.1.2 编程参考...........................................................................................323 16.1.3 跟踪信息 (Trace)...............................................................................328 16.2 MQAI ......................................................................................................328 16.3 ADSI .......................................................................................................328 第 17 章 AMI 编程.......................................................................................................329 17.1 安装.........................................................................................................330 17.1.1 Windows...........................................................................................330 17.1.2 AIX ..................................................................................................330 17.2 概念与配置..............................................................................................330 17.2.1 概念..................................................................................................330 17.2.2 配置..................................................................................................331 17.3 C 编程.....................................................................................................332 17.3.1 Object Level......................................................................................332 17.3.2 High Level.........................................................................................338 17.4 Java 编程.................................................................................................343 第 18 章 PCF & AI 编程................................................................................................344 18.1 PCF 编程..................................................................................................344 18.1.1 消息流程...........................................................................................344 18.1.2 消息格式...........................................................................................345 18.1.3 格式举例...........................................................................................347 18.2 AI 编程....................................................................................................349 18.2.1 消息流程...........................................................................................349 18.2.2 包的组成...........................................................................................350 18.2.3 编程..................................................................................................351 附录 WebSphere MQ 进程一览表..................................................................................358 Windows 平台........................................................................................................358 UNIX 平台............................................................................................................358 进程树...................................................................................................................359 附录 WebSphere MQ 命令一览表..................................................................................359 队列管理器 (Queue Manager)..................................................................................359 crtmqm 创建队列管理器 (Create Queue Manager).........................................359 dltmqm 删除队列管理器 (Delete Queue Manager) .........................................360 strmqm 启动队列管理器 (Start Queue Manager)............................................360 endmqm 停止队列管理器 (End Queue Manager)............................................361 dspmq 显示队列管理器 (Display Queue Manager)........................................361 命令服务器 (Command Server)...............................................................................362 strmqcsv 启动命令服务器 (Start Command Server)........................................362 endmqcsv 停止命令服务器 (End Command Server)........................................362 dspmqcsv 显示命令服务器 (Display Command Server)...................................362 Listener (监听器) ....................................................................................................362 runmqlsr 运行监听器 (Run Listener)..............................................................362 endmqlsr 停止监听器 (End Listener)..............................................................363 触发监控器 (Trigger Monitor) .................................................................................363 runmqtmc 启动 Client 端触发监控器 (Run Trigger Monitor for Client)..............363 runmqtrm 启动 Server 端触发监控器 (Run Trigger Monitor for Server).............363 Trace......................................................................................................................364 strmqtrc 启动 Trace (Start Trace，Windows 平台)..........................................364 strmqtrc 启动 Trace (Start Trace，HP-UX，Solaris，Linux 平台) ....................364 endmqtrc 停止 Trace (End Trace，Windows 平台)..........................................365 endmqtrc 停止 Trace (End Trace，HP-UX，Solaris，Linux 平台).....................365 dspmqtrc 显示 Trace (Display Trace，HP-UX，Solaris，Linux 平台) ...............365 介质恢复 (Media Recover)......................................................................................365 rcdmqimg 记录对象映像 (Record Object Image).............................................365 rcrmqobj 重建对象 (Recreate Object).............................................................366 日志 (Log).............................................................................................................367 dmpmqlog 输出格式化日志..........................................................................367 容量单元 (Capacity)...............................................................................................367 dspmqcap 显示容量单元 (Display Capacity)..................................................367 setmqcap 设置容量单元 (Set Capacity).........................................................367 权限信息 (Authority)..............................................................................................368 dmpmqaut 输出权限信息 (Dump Authority) ...................................................368 dspmqaut 显示权限信息 (Display Authority) ..................................................368 setmqaut 设置权限信息 (Set Authority)..........................................................369 amqoamd 输出授权信息 (OAM Dump) .........................................................371 运行环境 (Environment).........................................................................................371 mqver 显示版本 (WebSphere MQ Version)...................................................371 setmqprd 设置生产环境 (Set Production).......................................................371 amqicsdn 安装补丁 (Install CSD) ..................................................................372 高可用性 (High-Avalability，Windows 平台)..........................................................372 hadltmqm 删除队列管理器 (HA Delete Queue Manager) .................................372 hamvmqm 移动队列管理器 (HA Move Queue Manager)..................................372 haregtyp 注册队列管理器 (HA Register Type)...............................................372 amqmsysn 检查模块版本信息 (System Check)...............................................373 高可用性 (High-Avalability，其它平台) ..................................................................373 疑问交易 (In-Doubt Transaction) .............................................................................373 dspmqtrn 显示疑问交易................................................................................373 rsvmqtrn 解决疑问交易.................................................................................373 消息 (Message) ......................................................................................................374 amqsput 往队列中放消息 (Server 程序).......................................................374 amqsputc 往队列中放消息 (Client 程序).......................................................374 amqsget 从队列中取消息 (Server 程序).......................................................374 amqsgetc 从队列中取消息 (Client 程序)......................................................374 工具 (Utility) .........................................................................................................375 runmqsc 脚本命令服务器 (Run MQSC)........................................................375 mqrc 原因码查询 (MQ Reason Code) ......................................................375 amqfirst MQ 第一步，仅 Window 平台........................................................376 amqapi API 试验程序，仅 Windows 平台....................................................376 amqpcard MQI 明信片程序，仅 Windows 平台..............................................376 amqmtbrn MQ Task Bar，仅 Windows 平台.....................................................376 amqmjpse 准备 MQ 向导，仅 Windows 平台.................................................377 amqmgse MQ 缺省配置................................................................................377 amqinfon MQ 信息中心文档 (MQ Info Center)...............................................377 crtmqcvx 创建数据转换程序框架 (Create Conversion)....................................377 runmqdlq 运行死信队列处理器 (Run Dead-Letter Queue Handler) ...................378 runmqchi 运行通道初始化程序 (Run Channel Initiator)...................................379 runmqchl 运行通道 (Run Channel) ................................................................379 dspmqfls 显示对象对应的文件名 (Display Files)...........................................379 setmqscp 设置服务连接点 (Set Service Connection Point, 仅 Windows 平台)...380 setmqcrl 设置无效论证列表 (Set Certificate Revocation List (CRL) LDAP Server Definitions, 仅 Windows 平台)..........................................................................380 amqmcert Client 证书配置工具 (Utility for Certification)..................................380 ffstsummary FFST 文件摘要 (FFST Summary)................................................381 mqaxlev 显示 Code Level ............................................................................382 amqrfdm 查询 MQ Cluster Repository.............................................................382 amquregn Registry 值列表工具......................................................................382 amqmdain MQ 服务控制命令，仅 Windows 平台..........................................383 amqmsrvn COM 服务器，仅 Windows 平台....................................................384 附录 MQSC 命令一览表...............................................................................................385 RUNMQSC ............................................................................................................385 执行脚本.........................................................................................................385 抑制回显.........................................................................................................385 检验脚本.........................................................................................................385 远程管理.........................................................................................................385 批处理............................................................................................................385 MQSC 命令............................................................................................................386 结构图............................................................................................................386 DEFINE ..........................................................................................................389 DELETE .........................................................................................................395 ALTER............................................................................................................397 DISPLAY........................................................................................................399 CLEAR ...........................................................................................................406 START ............................................................................................................407 STOP..............................................................................................................407 RESOLVE.......................................................................................................408 PING ..............................................................................................................408 RESET............................................................................................................408 REFRESH .......................................................................................................409 SUSPEND .......................................................................................................409 RESUME ........................................................................................................410 参考书目.......................................................................................................................410 ...展开收缩

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