文件名称:
3G Handset And Network Design
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上传时间: 2009-11-14
详细说明： Part One 3G Hardware 1 Chapter 1 Spectral Allocations—Impact on Handset Hardware Design 3 Setting the Stage 3 Duplex Spacing for Cellular (Wide Area) Networks 7 Multiplexing Standards: Impact on Handset Design 11 FDMA 11 TDMA 11 CDMA 13 Difference between CDMA a nd TDMA 14 Modulation: Impact on Handset Design 15 Future Modulation Schemes 17 TDMAEvolution 19 5 MHz CDMA: IMT2000DS 21 Advantages of 5 MHz RF Channel Spacing 24 Impact of Increasing Processor Power on Bandwidth Quality 24 Multiplexing 24 Source Coding 25 Channel Coding 27 Convolution and Correlation 29 Summary 30 A Note about Radio Channel Quality 31 A Note about Radio Bandwidth Quality 32 Contents vii Chapter 2 GPRS/EDGE Handset Hardware 33 Design Issues for a Multislot Phone 33 Design Issues for a Multiband Phone 37 Design Issues for a Multimode Phone 39 The Design Brief for a Multislot, Multiband, Multimode Phone 39 Receiver Architectures for Multiband/Multimode 40 Direct Conversion Receivers 43 To Sum Up 47 Transmitter Architectures: Present Options 47 Issues to Resolve 48 GPRS RF PA 51 Manage Power-Level Difference Slot to Slot 52 Power Amplifier Summary 54 Multiband Frequency Generation 54 Summary 56 Chapter 3 3G Handset Hardware 57 Getting Started 57 Code Properties 59 Code Properties—Orthogonality and Distance 60 Code Capacity—Impact of the Code Tree and Non-Orthogonality 63 Common Channels 64 Synchronization 64 Dedicated Channels 66 Code Generation 68 Root Raised Cosine Filtering 70 Modulation and Upconversion 72 Power Control 74 The Receiver 74 The Digital Receiver 74 The RAKE Receive Process 77 Correlation 79 Receiver Link Budget Analysis 80 IMT2000DS Carrier-to-Noise Ratio 83 Receiver Front-End Processing 85 Received Signal Strength 87 IMT2000TC 88 GPS 89 Bluetooth/IEEE802 Integration 90 Infrared 91 Radio Bandwidth Quality/Frequency Domain Issues 91 Radio Bandwidth Quality/Time Domain Issues 94 IMT2000 Channel Coding 95 Reed-Solomon, Viterbi, and Turbo Codes in IMT2000 95 Future Modulation Options 95 Characterizing Delay Spread 96 Practical Time Domain Processing in a 3G Handset 96 viii Contents Conformance/Performance Tests 98 Impact of Technology Maturation on Handset and Network Performance 100 3GPP2 Evolution 100 CDMA2000 Downlink and Uplink Comparison 103 Implementation Options 103 Linearity and Modulation Quality 103 Frequency Tolerance 104 Frequency Power Profile 105 Summary 109 Chapter 4 3G Handset Hardware Form Factor and Functionality 111 Impact of Application Hardware on Uplink Offered Traffic 111 Voice Encoding/Decoding (The Vocoder) 111 CMOS Imaging 114 The Keyboard 116 Rich Media 116 The Smart Card SIM 117 The MPEG-4 Encoder 120 Other Standards 120 Battery Bandwidth as a Constraint on Uplink Offered Traffic 122 Impact of Hardware Items on Downlink Offered Traffic 122 Speaker 122 Display Driver and Display 123 How User Quality Expectations Increase Over Time 127 Alternative Display Technologies 128 MPEG-4 Decoders 131 Handset Power Budget 133 Processor Cost and Processor Efficiency 134 Future Battery Technologies 135 Handset Hardware Evolution 136 Adaptive Radio Bandwidth 138 Who Will Own Handset Hardware Value? 139 Summary 140 Chapter 5 Handset Hardware Evolution 141 A Review of Reconfigurability 141 Flexible Bandwidth Needs Flexible Hardware 146 Summary 146 Part Two 3G Handset Software 149 Chapter 6 3G Handset Software Form Factor and Functionality 151 An Overview of Application Layer Software 151 Higher-Level Abstraction 154 The Cost of Transparency 154 Typical Performance Trade-Offs 156 Contents ix Exploring Memory Access Alternatives 156 Software/Hardware Commonality with Game Console Platforms 159 Add-On/Plug-On Software Functionality 161 Add-in/Plug-in Software Functionality: Smart Card SIMS/USIMS 161 The Distribution and Management of Memory 162 Summary 165 Chapter 7 Source Coding 167 An Overview of the Coding Process 167 Voice 167 Text 168 Image 169 Video 170 Applying MPEG Standards 172 Object-Based Variable-Rate Encoders/Decoders 175 Virtual Reality Modeling Language 175 Automated Image Search Engines 177 Digital Watermarking 177 The SMS to EMS to MMS Transition 178 Quality Metrics 179 Summary 182 Chapter 8 MExE-Based QoS 185 An Overview of Software Component Value 185 Defining Some Terms 186 Operating System Performance Metrics 187 The OSI Layer Model 187 MExE Quality of Service Standards 190 Maintaining Content Value 191 Network Factors 192 Summary 194 Chapter 9 Authentication and Encryption 197 The Interrelated Nature of Authentication and Encryption 197 The Virtual Private Network 198 Key Management 198 Digital Signatures 199 Hash Functions and Message Digests 200 Public Key Infrastructure 200 Security Management 201 Virtual Smart Cards and Smart Card Readers 204 Where to Implement Security 204 The IPSec Standard 204 The IETF Triple A 206 x Contents Encryption Theory and Methods 207 Encryption and Compression 207 Evolving Encryption Techniques 208 DES to AES 208 Smart Card SIMS 208 Biometric Authentication 209 Working Examples 210 Over-the-Air Encryption 210 Public Key Algorithms: The Two-Key System 210 Prime Numbers 211 Congruency 212 Diffie-Hellman Exchange 214 Vulnerability to Attack 214 Authentication: Shared Secret Key 216 Digital Signatures 218 Secret Key Signatures 218 Public Key Cryptography 219 Summary 220 Chapter 10 Handset Software Evolution 221 Java-Based Solutions 221 Developing Microcontroller Architectures 223 Hardware Innovations 224 Add-in Modules 224 Looking to the Future 225 Authentication and Encryption 225 Agent Technology 226 Summary 227 Part Three 3G Network Hardware 229 Chapter 11 Spectral Allocations—Impact on Network Hardware Design 231 Searching for Quality Metrics in an Asynchronous Universe 231 Typical 3G Network Architecture 232 The Impact of the Radio Layer on Network Bandwidth Provisioning 234 The Circuit Switch is Dead—Long Live the Circuit Switch 235 BTS and Node B Form Factors 236 Typical 2G Base Station Product Specifications 236 3G Node B Design Objectives 241 2G Base Stations as a Form Factor and Power Budget Benchmark 241 Node B Antenna Configuration 242 The Benefits of Sectorization and Downtilt Antennas 244 Node B RF Form Factor and RF Performance 245 Simplified Installation 246 Contents xi Node B Receiver Transmitter Implementation 246 The 3G Receiver 247 The Digitally Sampled IF Superhet 247 The Direct Conversion Receiver (DCR) 247 The 3G Transmitter 249 The RF/IF Section 249 The Baseband Section 255 Technology Trends 256 System Planning 257 The Performance/Bandwidth Trade Off in 1G and 2G Cellular Networks 258 TDMA/CDMA System Planning Comparisons 261 Radio Planning 263 Rules of Thumb in Planning 266 How System Performance Can Be Compromised 267 Timing Issues on the Radio Air Interface 268 Use of Measurement Reports 269 Uplink Budget Analysis 272 Long-Term Objectives in System Planning: Delivering Consistency 273 Wireless LAN Planning 274 Cellular/Wireless LAN Integration 278 Distributed Antennas for In-Building Coverage 278 Summary 279 Chapter 12 GSM-MAP/ANSI 41 Integration 281 Approaching a Unified Standard 281 Mobile Network Architectures 283 GSM-MAPEvolution 289 GPRS Support Nodes 290 The SGSN Location Register 290 The GGSN GPRS Gateway Support Node 290 Session Management, Mobility Management, and Routing 292 Location Management 293 Micro and Macro Mobility Management 293 Radio Resource Allocation 294 Operation and Maintenance Center 295 Summary 295 Chapter 13 Network Hardware Optimization 297 A Primer on Antennas 297 Dipole Antennas 299 Directional Antennas 299 Omnidirectional Antennas 301 Dish Antennas 303 Installation Considerations 303 Dealing with Cable Loss 303 xii Contents Smart Antennas 303 The Flexibility Benefit 304 Switched Beam Antennas versus Adaptive Antennas 305 Conventional versus Smart Antennas 305 Distributed Antennas 309 A Note about Link Budgets and Power 309 Positioning and Location 310 Smart Antennas and Positioning 313 Superconductor Devices 313 Filter Basics 314 The Q factor 314 The Cavity Resonator 317 The Cavity Resonator in Multicoupling Applications 317 Circulators and Isolators 317 Example 1 318 Example 2 318 Hybrid Directional Couplers 318 Multichannel Combining 321 Superconductor Filters and LNAs 322 RF over Fiber: Optical Transport 322 Optical Transport in the Core Network 324 Optical Selectivity 327 Optical Transport Performance 328 Wavelength Division and Dense Wavelength-Division Multiplexing 328 Summary 330 Antennas 330 Superconductor Devices 330 Optical Components 331 Chapter 14 Offered Traffic 333 Characterizing Traffic Flow 333 The Preservation of Traffic Value (Content Value) 334 The Challenge for IP Protocols 334 Radio and Network Bandwidth Transition 334 Traffic Distribution 335 Protocol Performance 336 Admission Control versus Policy Control 337 Offered Traffic at an Industry Level 338 Converging Standards 338 The Five Components of Traffic 338 The Four Classes of Traffic 339 Sources of Delay, Error, and Jitter Sensitivity 339 Solutions to Delay and Delay Variability 341 Managing the Latency Budget 341 Delivering Quality of Service 342 Delivering Wireless/Wireline Transparency 343 Contents xiii Traditional Call Management in a Wireless Network 343 Session Management in a 3G Network 344 The Challenges of Wireline and Wireless Delivery 346 The Cost of Quality 347 Meeting the Costs of Delivery 347 The Persistency Metric 349 Overprovisioning Delivery Bandwidth 350 Session Switching 351 Preserving and Extracting Traffic Value 351 The Cost of Asymmetry and Asynchronicity 353 Considering the Complexity of Exchange 353 Archiving Captured Content 354 Increasing Offered Traffic Loading 355 Predicting Offered Traffic Load 356 Summary 357 Chapter 15 Network Hardware Evolution 359 The Hierarchical Cell Structure 359 Local Area Connectivity 360 Wireless LAN Standards 360 Delivering a Consistent User Experience 362 Sharing the Spectrum with Bluetooth 363 Working in a Real Office Environment 364 Joining the Scatternet Club 364 The Bluetooth Price Point 365 Dealing with Infrared 365 Plug-in Modules 365 A Network within a Network within a Network 366 Low-Power Radio and Telemetry Products 367 Broadband Fixed-Access Network Hardware Evolution 368 Weather Attenuation Peaks 369 Mesh Networks 372 Fixed-Access Wireless Access Systems 372 Alternative Fixed-Access and Mobility Access Wireless Delivery Platforms 374 The NIMBY Factor 375 Setting the Stage for Satellite 375 Satellite Networks 375 Early Efforts 375 Present and Future Options 376 Iridium 377 Globalstar 378 ORBCOMM 378 Inmarsat 378 Calculating the Costs 378 Satellites for Fixed Access 379 Summary 380 xiv Contents Part Four 3G Network Software 383 Chapter 16 The Traffic Mix Shift 385 The Job of Software 385 Critical Performance Metrics 386 Radio Bandwidth Quality 386 The Performance of Protocols 387 Network Resource Allocation 387 Service Parameters 388 Power Control and Handover 388 The Evolution of Network Signaling 389 Second-Generation Signaling 389 Third-Generation Signaling 390 Protocol Stack Arrangement 391 Load Distribution 392 3G Frame Structure 393 2G Versus 3G Session Management 393 Communications between Networks 397 Why We Need Signaling 398 Moving Beyond the Switch 399 Letting the Handset Make the Decisions 399 Dealing with SS7 and Existing Switching Architectures 400 Making a Choice 400 Summary 401 Chapter 17 Traffic Shaping Protocols 403 An Overview of Circuit Switching 403 Moving Toward a Continuous Duty Cycle 404 Deterministic Response to Asynchronous Traffic 404 Dealing with Delay 405 Deep Packet Examination 406 Address Modification and Queuing 407 Packet Loss and Latency Peaks 408 Buffering Bandwidth 411 Multiple Routing Options 412 IPSwitching 412 The Transition from IPv4 to IPv6 413 Delivering Router Performance in a Network 414 Improving Router Efficiency 416 Traffic Shaping Protocols: Function and Performance 416 Resource Pre-Reservation Protocol 416 Multiprotocol Label Switching 417 Diffserv 418 Session Initiation Protocol 418 Real-Time Protocol 419 Contents xv Measuring Protocol Performance 419 Levels of Reliability and Service Precedence 420 Classes of Traffic in GPRS and UMTS 421 Switching and Routing Alternatives 421 ATM: A Case Study 422 Available Bit Rate Protocol 423 The Four Options of ATM 424 Efficient Network Loading 424 ATM, TCP/IP Comparison 425 The IP QoS Network 427 The Future of ATM: An All-IP Replacement 427 IPWireless: A Summary 428 The IPv4-to-IPv6 Transition 428 IP Traffic Management 428 IP-Based Network Management 429 IP-Based Mobility Management 429 IP-Based Access Management 429 Mobile Ad Hoc Networks 431 The Internet Protocol Alternative 432 Zone and Interzone Routing 432 Route Discovery and Route Maintenance Protocols 434 IP Terminology Used in Ad Hoc Network Design 434 Administering Ad Hoc User Groups 436 A Sample Application 436 Achieving Protocol Stability 436 Macro Mobility in Public Access Networks 437 Mobile IP 437 Macro Mobility Management 438 Use of IP in Network Management 438 The Impact of Distributed Hardware and Distributed Software in a 3G Network 440 IP over Everything 441 A Note about Jumbograms: How Large Is that Packet in Your Pocket? 441 Software-Defined Networks 442 The Argument for Firmware 443 3G Network Considerations 444 Summary 444 Chapter 18 Service Level Agreements 445 Managing the Variables 445 Defining and Monitoring Performance 446 Determining Internet Service Latency 446 Addressing Packet Loss Issues 446 Network Latency and Application Latency 447 QoS and Available Time 447 xvi Contents Billing and Proof-of-Performance Reporting 448 Real-Time or Historical Analysis 448 Measuring Performance Metrics 448 GPRS Billing 450 Session-Based Billing 451 Toward Simplified Service Level Agreements 452 Qualifying Quality 452 Bandwidth Quality versus Bandwidth Cost 452 Personal and Corporate SLA Convergence 453 Specialist SLAs 453 Range and Coverage 453 Onto Channel Time 454 User Group Configurations 454 Content Capture Applications 454 Specialist Handsets 454 Site-Specific Software Issues 455 Mandatory Interoperability 455 Hardware Physical Test Requirements 455 Specialized Network Solutions 456 The Evolution of Planning in Specialist Mobile Networks 457 Summary 458 Chapter 19 3G Cellular/3G TV Software Integration 461 The Evolution of TV Technology 461 The Evolution of Web-Based Media 462 Resolving Multiple Standards 464 Working in an Interactive Medium 465 Delivering Quality of Service on the Uplink 465 The ATVEF Web TV Standard 466 Integrating SMIL and RTP 466 The Implications for Cellular Network Service 467 Device-Aware Content 468 The Future of Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting 468 Planning the Network 470 The Difference Between Web TV, IPTV, and Digital TV 473 Co-operative Networks 474 Summary 475 Chapter 20 Network Software Evolution 477 A Look at Converging Industries and Services 477 Managing Storage 478 Managing Content 478 Using Client/Server Agent Software 479 Delivering Server and Application Transparency 480 Storage Area Networks 480 Application Persistency 481 Interoperability and Compatibility 482 The Relationship of Flexibility and Complexity 482 Contents xvii Network Software Security 484 Model-Driven Architectures 485 Testing Network Performance 485 The Challenge of Software Testing 486 Test Languages 487 Measuring and Managing Consistency 488 Why Is Consistency Important? 488 3G Consistency Metrics 488 ...展开收缩
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