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详细说明： This thesis is organized into the following chapters: • Chapter 1 introduces the main problem area that the thesis addresses, gives a background to the work in the thesis and a chronology of the work performed in the thesis together with a detailed chapter plan. • Chapter 2 introduces an architectural model that is the basis for the later chapters in the thesis. I define what is meant by an architecture, and specify which components must be present in an architecture. I talk about the problem domain that my architecture is desig ned for. I talk about the underlying philosophy behind the architecture and I introduce the idea of “Concurrency Oriented Programming” (COP). 8 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION I develop the idea of COP and state the desirable properties that a programming language and system must have in order to support a concurrency oriented style of programming. I review some previous related work, showing the similarities and dicerences between this prior work and the material presented in this thesis. • Chapter 3 describes the programming language Erlang. I describe a reasonably large sub-set of the Erlang programming language, and motivate some of the design decisions made in Erlang. • Chapter 4 gives some examples of Erlang programming techniques. I show how to “factor” a design into its functional and non-functional components. I show how to factor out notions of concurrency and fault-tolerance, and how to program a generic client–server model. I describe a technique for maintaining the illusion that “everything is an Erlang process,” and give examples of how to write code which handles errors. • Chapter 5 gets to the central question of the thesis. It is concerned with how to program systems which behave in a reasonable manner even in the presence of errors. Central to the idea of fault tolerance is the notion of an error—I describe what is meant by an error and what I mean when I talk about a “fault-tolerant” system. I describe a strategy based on the idea of “Supervision trees” which can be used for writing fault-tolerant sodware. • Chapter 6 links the general principles of programming a fault-tolerant system, developed in the previous chapter, to a number of specific programming patterns developed for programming fault-tolerant systems. These programming patterns are central to the understanding of the OTP system, and of how to build fault-tolerant sodware in Erlang. I give a complete example, involving the use of a client–server model, an event-handler and a finite-state machine. These three 1.2. THESIS OUTLINE 9 components are added to a supervision tree, which will monitor their progress and restart them in the event of an error. The entire program, is packaged into a single OTP “application.” • Chapter 7 describes the OTP system. OTP stands for “Open Telecoms Platform” and is an application operating system (AOS) for programming fault-tolerant applications together with the delivery platform for the Erlang programming language. It includes a large set of libraries for implementing fault-tolerant systems, together with documentation and guides etc for understanding the system. In this chapter I briefly describe the OTP architecture and give details of the main components in the system. • Chapter 8 is the acid-test of our technology. Did the ideas work in practice? In this chapter I analyse a number of large commercially successful products that make use of OTP. The intention of this chapter is to see if we have achieved our goals of programming a system which functions reliably in the presence of sodware errors. One of the projects studied in this chapter is the Ericsson AXD301, a high-performance highly-reliable ATM switch. This project is interesting in its own right, since it is one of the largest programs ever written in a functional style. • Chapter 9 is concerned with APIs and protocols. I ask how we can specify the interfaces to modules or the interfaces between communicating components. • In Chapter 10 I ask broader questions. Did the ideas work? Did they work well or badly? Where can things be improved? What can we look for in the future and how are we going to get there? ...展开收缩
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