文件名称:
Introduction to 3G Mobile Communications
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上传时间: 2009-11-24
详细说明： Preface xv Acknowledgments xvii 1 Overview 1 1.1 History of Mobile Cellular Systems 1 1.1.1 First Generation 1 1.1.2 Second Generation 2 1.1.3 Generation 2.5 5 1.2 Overview of 3G 8 1.3 Proposals for 3G Standard 10 1.3.1 WCDMA 10 1.3.2 Advanced TDMA 11 1.3.3 Hybrid CDMA/TDMA 12 1.3.4 OFDM 12 1.3.5 IMT-2000 13 1.4 3GPP 14 1.4.1 TDD 15 1.4.2 TD-SCDMA 18 1.5 3GPP2 20 1.6 3G Evolution Paths 23 References 24 2 Principles of CDMA 25 2.1 Radio-Channel Access Schemes 25 2.2 Spread Spectrum 28 2.3 RAKE Receiver 32 2.4 Power Control 32 2.5 Handovers 37 2.5.1 Soft Handover 38 2.5.2 Relocation 41 2.5.3 Hard Handover 44 2.5.4 Intersystem Handovers 45 2.6 Multiuser Detection 47 References 48 v 3 WCDMA Air Interface: Physical Layer 49 3.1 General 49 3.1.1 Forward Error Correction Encoding/Decoding 52 3.1.2 Radio Measurements and Indications to Higher Layers 53 3.1.3 Macrodiversity Distribution/Combining and Soft Handover Execution 55 3.1.4 Error Detection on Transport Channels 56 3.1.5 Multiplexing of Transport Channels and Demultiplexing of CCTrCHs 57 3.1.6 Rate Matching 57 3.1.7 Mapping of CCTrCHs on Physical Channels 57 3.1.8 Modulation, Spreading/Demodulation, and Despreading of Physical Channels 58 3.1.9 Frequency and Time Synchronization 60 3.1.10 Inner-Loop Power Control 61 3.1.11 Power Weighting and Combining of Physical Channels 64 3.1.12 RF Processing 66 3.1.13 Timing Advance on Uplink Channels 69 3.1.14 Support of Uplink Synchronization 70 3.2 Channels 70 3.2.1 Logical Channels 71 3.2.2 Transport Channels 72 3.2.3 Physical Channels 74 3.2.4 Shared Channels 78 3.2.5 Channel Mapping 80 3.3 Spreading and Scrambling Codes 81 3.4 Diversity 83 3.4.1 Time Diversity 83 3.4.2 Multipath Diversity 84 3.4.3 Macrodiversity 85 3.4.4 Antenna Diversity 87 3.5 Transport Formats 92 3.6 Data Through Layer 1 97 References 99 4 Modulation Techniques and Spread Spectrum 101 4.1 Spreading Techniques 101 4.1.1 DS-CDMA 101 4.1.2 Frequency-Hopping CDMA 101 4.1.3 Time-Hopping CDMA 102 4.1.4 Multicarrier CDMA 102 4.2 Data Modulation 104 References 109 I n t r o d u c t i o n t o 3 G M o b i l e C o m m u n i c a t i o n s vi CONTENTS 5 Spreading Codes 111 5.1 Orthogonal Codes 112 5.2 PN Codes 114 5.3 Synchronization Codes 117 5.4 Autocorrelation and Cross-Correlation 118 5.5 Intercell Interference 119 References 119 6 Channel Coding 121 6.1 Coding Processes 121 6.2 Coding Theory 122 6.3 Block Codes 123 6.4 Convolutional Codes 125 6.5 Turbo Codes 127 6.6 Channel Coding in UTRAN 129 References 129 7 Wideband CDMA Air Interface: Protocol Stack 131 47.1 General Points 131 7.2 Control Plane 133 7.3 MAC 135 7.3.1 MAC Services 137 7.3.2 MAC Functions 137 7.3.3 TFC Selection 142 7.4 RLC 143 7.4.1 RLC Services 145 7.4.2 RLC Functions 147 7.5 RRC 148 7.5.1 RRC Services 148 7.5.2 RRC Functions 148 7.6 RRC Protocol States 183 7.7 Location Management in UTRAN 187 7.8 Core Network Protocols in the Air Interface 190 7.8.1 Circuit-Switched Core Network 190 7.8.2 Packet-Switched Core Network 195 7.9 User Plane 196 7.10 Packet Data Convergence Protocol 196 7.11 Broadcast/Multicast Control 198 7.12 Data Protocols 200 7.13 Dual-System Protocol Stack in UE 201 References 202 I n t r o d u c t i o n t o 3 G M o b i l e C o m m u n i c a t i o n s CONTENTS vii 8 Network 203 8.1 General Discussion 203 8.2 Evolution from GSM 204 8.3 UMTS Network Structure 206 8.4 Core Network 208 8.4.1 Mobile Switching Center 208 8.4.2 Visitor Location Register 209 8.4.3 Home Location Register 210 8.4.4 Equipment Identity Register 211 8.4.5 Authentication Center 212 8.4.6 Gateway MSC 212 8.4.7 Serving GPRS Support Node 212 8.4.8 Gateway GPRS Support Node 213 8.5 UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network 213 8.5.1 Radio Network Controller 214 8.5.2 Node B 215 8.6 GSM Radio Access Network 216 8.6.1 Base Station Controller 216 8.6.2 Base Transceiver Station 217 8.6.3 Small Base Transceiver Stations 218 8.7 Interfaces 221 8.7.1 A Interface 221 8.7.2 Gb Interface 222 8.7.3 Iu Interface 222 8.7.4 Iub Interface 226 8.7.5 Iur Interface 228 8.7.6 MAP Interfaces 230 8.8 Network Protocols 233 8.8.1 Asynchronous Transfer Mode 235 8.8.2 AAL2 and AAL5 235 8.8.3 Iu User Plane Protocol Layer 235 8.8.4 GPRS Tunnelling Protocol-User 236 8.8.5 SS7 MTP3-User Adaptation Layer 237 8.8.6 MAP (MAP-A Through MAP-M) 237 8.8.7 Message Transfer Part 237 8.8.8 Node B Application Part 237 8.8.9 Physical Layer (Below ATM) 238 8.8.10 Q.2150.1 239 8.8.11 Q.2630.1 239 8.8.12 Radio Access Network Application Part 239 8.8.13 Radio Network Subsystem Application Part 241 8.8.14 Signaling ATM Adaptation Layer 242 8.8.15 Service-Specific Coordination Function 242 I n t r o d u c t i o n t o 3 G M o b i l e C o m m u n i c a t i o n s 8.8.16 Service-Specific Connection-Oriented Protocol 242 8.8.17 Signaling Connection Control Part 243 8.8.18 Stream Control Transmission Protocol 243 8.8.19 UDP/IP 243 8.9 UMTS Network Evolution—Release 5 243 References 247 9 Network Planning 251 9.1 Importance of Network Planning 251 9.2 Differences Between TDMA and CDMA 251 9.3 Network Planning Terminology 255 9.4 Network Planning Process 256 9.4.1 Preparation Phase 256 9.4.2 Network Dimensioning 258 9.4.3 Detailed Radio-Network Planning 262 9.5 Network Planning in WCDMA 262 9.5.1 Pilot Pollution 263 9.5.2 SHO Parameters 263 9.5.3 HO Problems 263 9.5.4 Hierarchical Cells 264 9.5.5 Microcell Deployment 266 9.5.6 Picocell Deployment and Indoor Planning 267 9.5.7 Sectorization and Adaptive Antennas 269 9.5.8 Other Network Elements 271 9.6 Admission Control 272 9.7 Congestion Control 276 References 277 10 Network Management 279 10.1 Telecommunication-Management Architecture 279 10.1.1 Fault Management 280 10.1.2 Configuration Management 281 10.1.3 Performance Management 283 10.1.4 Roaming Management 284 10.1.5 Accounting Management 285 10.1.6 Subscription Management 285 10.1.7 QoS Management 286 10.1.8 User Equipment Management 286 10.1.9 Fraud Management 286 10.1.10 Security Management 287 10.1.11 Software Management 288 10.2 Charging 289 10.2.1 Charging of Circuit-Switched Services 291 I n t r o d u c t i o n t o 3 G M o b i l e C o m m u n i c a t i o n s CONTENTS ix 10.2.2 Charging of Packet-Switched Services 292 10.3 Billing 293 10.4 Service Providers Versus Operators 298 References 300 11 Procedures 303 11.1 RRC Connection Procedures 303 11.1.1 RRC Connection Establishment 304 11.1.2 Signaling Connection Establishment 304 11.1.3 RRC Connection Release 304 11.2 Radio Bearer Procedures 306 11.2.1 Radio Bearer Establishment 306 11.2.2 Radio Bearer Release 313 11.2.3 Radio Bearer Reconfiguration 315 11.2.4 Transport Channel Reconfiguration 315 11.2.5 Physical Channel Reconfiguration 317 11.2.6 Control of Requested QoS 319 11.3 Data Transmission 323 11.4 Handovers 329 11.4.1 Soft Handover 329 11.4.2 Hard Handover 330 11.4.3 Intersystem Handovers 332 11.5 Random Access Procedure 340 References 342 12 New Concepts in the UMTS Network 343 12.1 Location Services 343 12.1.1 Cell-Coverage-Based Method 345 12.1.2 Observed Time Difference of Arrival 346 12.1.3 Network-Assisted Global Positioning System 349 12.1.4 Other Methods 351 12.1.5 Comparison of Location Methods 352 12.1.6 Service Categories 354 12.2 High-Speed Downlink Packet Access 355 12.3 Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Service 358 12.3.1 Broadcast Service 360 12.3.2 Multicast Service 360 12.4 Multimedia Messaging Service 361 12.4.1 The Service 361 12.4.2 MMS Elements 363 12.4.3 MMS Protocols 366 12.5 Supercharger 367 12.6 Prepaging 370 I n t r o d u c t i o n t o 3 G M o b i l e C o m m u n i c a t i o n s x CONTENTS TEAMFLY Team-Fly® 12.7 Gateway Location Register 374 12.8 Optimal Routing 378 12.9 Adaptive Multirate Codec 381 12.10 Support of Localized Service Area 384 12.11 Smart Antennas 386 References 392 13 3G Services 395 13.1 Service Categories 395 13.2 Teleservices 395 13.3 Bearer Services 397 13.4 Supplementary Services 399 13.5 Service Capabilities 399 13.6 QoS Classes 402 13.6.1 Conversational Real-Time Services 402 13.6.2 Interactive Services 403 13.6.3 Streaming Services 404 13.6.4 Background Services 405 13.6.5 QoS Service Classes and 3G Radio Interface 405 References 406 14 3G Applications 407 14.1 Justification for 3G 407 14.2 Path into the Market 409 14.3 Applications As Competition Tools 410 14.4 Application Technologies 411 14.4.1 Wireless Application Protocol 412 14.4.2 Java 412 14.4.3 BREW 412 14.4.4 Bluetooth 413 14.4.5 I-mode 413 14.4.6 Electronic Payment 413 14.4.7 IPv6 416 14.5 Multimedia 419 14.5.1 Application Types 419 14.5.2 Technical Problems 419 14.6 Traffic Characteristics of 3G Applications 422 14.7 M-commerce 424 14.8 Examples of 3G Applications 427 14.8.1 Voice 427 14.8.2 Messaging 428 14.8.3 Internet Access 429 14.8.4 Location-Based Applications 430 I n t r o d u c t i o n t o 3 G M o b i l e C o m m u n i c a t i o n s CONTENTS xi 14.8.5 Games 431 14.8.6 Advertising 432 14.8.7 Betting and Gambling 432 14.8.8 Dating Applications 433 14.8.9 Adult Entertainment 433 14.9 Terminals 434 14.9.1 Voice Terminals 435 14.9.2 Multimedia Terminals 436 14.9.3 Navigation Devices 436 14.9.4 Game Devices 437 14.9.5 Machine-to-Machine Devices 437 References 438 15 The Future 441 15.1 New Spectrum 441 15.2 Satellites 443 15.2.1 The Market for MSS Networks 443 15.2.2 Satellite Orbits 445 15.2.3 Examples of MSS Systems 447 15.2.4 Location in Satellite Systems 454 15.2.5 Restricted Coverage 456 15.2.6 Diversity 457 15.2.7 Satellite Paging 458 15.2.8 IMT-2000 Satellite Component 459 15.3 3G Upgrades 459 15.4 Downlink Bottleneck 461 15.4.1 TDD 461 15.4.2 HSDPA 462 15.4.3 WLAN Interworking 463 15.4.4 Variable Duplex Distance 466 15.4.5 Hierarchical Cell Structures 468 15.4.6 Comparing the Schemes 468 15.5 4G Vision 472 References 476 16 Specifications 479 16.1 Specification Process 480 16.2 Releases 482 16.3 3GPP Specifications 484 16.3.1 Series Numbering 484 16.3.2 Version Numbering 485 16.3.3 Backwards Compatibility 486 Reference 486 I n t r o d u c t i o n t o 3 G M o b i l e C o m m u n i c a t i o n s xii CONTENTS Appendix A: Cellular User Statistics 487 Appendix B: 3GPP Specifications 491 Appendix C: Useful Web Addresses 509 Appendix D: Nokia Communicator 513 Appendix E: Standardization Organizations and Industry Groups 515 About the Author 523 Index 525 I ...展开收缩
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