Linux多线程编程手册 1 多线程基础介绍 ...........................

文件名称: Linux多线程编程手册

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详细说明： 1 多线程基础介绍 ..........................................................................................................................................15 定义多线程术语 ....................................................................................................... ...................................15 符合多线程标准 ..........................................................................................................................................16 多线程的益处 ..............................................................................................................................................17 提高应用程序的响应 .........................................................................................................................17 有效使用多处理器 ..............................................................................................................................17 改进程序结构 ......................................................................................................................................17 占用较少的系统资源 .........................................................................................................................17 结合线程和 RPC（远程过程调用） ...............................................................................................18 多线程概念 ...................................................................................................................................................18 并发性和并行性 ..................................................................................................................................18 多线程结构一览 ..................................................................................................................................18 线程调度 ...............................................................................................................................................19 线程取消 ...............................................................................................................................................19 线程同步 ...............................................................................................................................................20 使用 64 位体系结构 ....................................................................................................................................20 2 基本线程编程 ..............................................................................................................................................23 线程库 ............................................................................................................................................................23 创建缺省线程 ......................................................................................................................................23 等待线程终止 ......................................................................................................................................25 简单线程的示例 ..................................................................................................................................26 分离线程 ...............................................................................................................................................28 为线程特定数据创建键 .....................................................................................................................28 删除线程特定数据键 .........................................................................................................................30 设置线程特定数据 ..............................................................................................................................31 3获取线程特定数据 ..............................................................................................................................31 获取线程标识符 ..................................................................................................................................35 比较线程 ID ..........................................................................................................................................36 初始化线程 ...........................................................................................................................................36 停止执行线程 ......................................................................................................................................37 设置线程的优先级 ..............................................................................................................................38 获取线程的优先级 ..............................................................................................................................39 向线程发送信号 ..................................................................................................................................40 访问调用线程的信号掩码 .................................................................................................................41 安全地 Fork ..........................................................................................................................................41 终止线程 ...............................................................................................................................................42 结束 ........................................................................................................................................................42 取消线程 ...............................................................................................................................................43 取消线程 ...............................................................................................................................................44 启用或禁用取消功能 .........................................................................................................................45 设置取消类型 ......................................................................................................................................46 创建取消点 ...........................................................................................................................................46 将处理程序推送到栈上 .....................................................................................................................47 从栈中弹出处理程序 .........................................................................................................................47 3 线程属性 .......................................................................................................................................................49 属性对象 .......................................................................................................................................................49 初始化属性 ...........................................................................................................................................50 销毁属性 ...............................................................................................................................................51 设置分离状态 ......................................................................................................................................52 获取分离状态 ......................................................................................................................................53 设置栈溢出保护区大小 .....................................................................................................................54 获取栈溢出保护区大小 .....................................................................................................................55 设置范围 ...............................................................................................................................................55 获取范围 ...............................................................................................................................................57 设置线程并行级别 ..............................................................................................................................57 获取线程并行级别 ..............................................................................................................................58 设置调度策略 ......................................................................................................................................58 获取调度策略 ......................................................................................................................................59 设置继承的调度策略 .........................................................................................................................60 获取继承的调度策略 .........................................................................................................................61 目录 4 多线程编程指南 • 2006年 10月设置调度参数 ......................................................................................................................................62 获取调度参数 ......................................................................................................................................63 设置栈大小 ...........................................................................................................................................65 获取栈大小 ...........................................................................................................................................66 关于栈 ....................................................................................................................................................67 设置栈地址和大小 ..............................................................................................................................68 获取栈地址和大小 ..............................................................................................................................70 4 用同步对象编程 ..........................................................................................................................................73 互斥锁属性 ...................................................................................................................................................74 初始化互斥锁属性对象 .....................................................................................................................75 销毁互斥锁属性对象 .........................................................................................................................76 设置互斥锁的范围 ..............................................................................................................................76 获取互斥锁的范围 ..............................................................................................................................77 设置互斥锁类型的属性 .....................................................................................................................78 获取互斥锁的类型属性 .....................................................................................................................79 设置互斥锁属性的协议 .....................................................................................................................80 获取互斥锁属性的协议 .....................................................................................................................82 设置互斥锁属性的优先级上限 ........................................................................................................83 获取互斥锁属性的优先级上限 ........................................................................................................84 设置互斥锁的优先级上限 .................................................................................................................84 获取互斥锁的优先级上限 .................................................................................................................85 设置互斥锁的强健属性 .....................................................................................................................86 获取互斥锁的强健属性 .....................................................................................................................88 使用互斥锁 ...................................................................................................................................................89 初始化互斥锁 ......................................................................................................................................89 使互斥保持一致 ..................................................................................................................................90 锁定互斥锁 ...........................................................................................................................................91 解除锁定互斥锁 ..................................................................................................................................93 使用非阻塞互斥锁锁定 .....................................................................................................................94 销毁互斥锁 ...........................................................................................................................................95 互斥锁定的代码示例 .........................................................................................................................96 条件变量属性 ............................................................................................................................................102 初始化条件变量属性 .......................................................................................................................103 删除条件变量属性 ............................................................................................................................103 设置条件变量的范围 .......................................................................................................................104 目录 5获取条件变量的范围 .......................................................................................................................105 使用条件变量 ............................................................................................................................................106 初始化条件变量 ................................................................................................................................106 基于条件变量阻塞 ............................................................................................................................108 解除阻塞一个线程 ............................................................................................................................109 在指定的时间之前阻塞 ................................................................................................................... 111 在指定的时间间隔内阻塞 ............................................................................................................... 113 解除阻塞所有线程 ............................................................................................................................ 114 销毁条件变量状态 ............................................................................................................................ 116 唤醒丢失问题 .................................................................................................................................... 117 生成方和使用者问题 ....................................................................................................................... 117 使用信号进行同步 ....................................................................................................................................121 命名信号和未命名信号 ...................................................................................................................122 计数信号量概述 ................................................................................................................................122 初始化信号 .........................................................................................................................................123 增加信号 .............................................................................................................................................125 基于信号计数进行阻塞 ...................................................................................................................126 减小信号计数 ....................................................................................................................................126 销毁信号状态 ....................................................................................................................................127 使用信号时的生成方和使用者问题 .............................................................................................128 读写锁属性 .................................................................................................................................................130 初始化读写锁属性 ............................................................................................................................131 销毁读写锁属性 ................................................................................................................................131 设置读写锁属性 ................................................................................................................................132 获取读写锁属性 ................................................................................................................................132 使用读写锁 .................................................................................................................................................133 初始化读写锁 ....................................................................................................................................133 获取读写锁中的读锁 .......................................................................................................................134 读取非阻塞读写锁中的锁 ...............................................................................................................135 写入读写锁中的锁 ............................................................................................................................136 写入非阻塞读写锁中的锁 ...............................................................................................................136 解除锁定读写锁 ................................................................................................................................137 销毁读写锁 .........................................................................................................................................137 跨进程边界同步 ........................................................................................................................................138 生成方和使用者问题示例 ...............................................................................................................138 比较元语 .....................................................................................................................................................141 目录 6 多线程编程指南 • 2006年 10月5 使用 Solaris 软件编程 ..............................................................................................................................143 进程创建中的 fork 问题 ...........................................................................................................................143 Fork-One 模型 ....................................................................................................................................144 Fork-all 模型 .......................................................................................................................................147 选择正确的 Fork ................................................................................................................................147 进程创建： exec 和 exit 问题 ................................................................................................................147 计时器、报警与剖析 ...............................................................................................................................148 每 LWP POSIX 计时器 ......................................................................................................................148 每线程报警 .........................................................................................................................................148 剖析多线程程序 ................................................................................................................................149 非本地转向： setjmp 和 longjmp ...........................................................................................................149 资源限制 .....................................................................................................................................................149 LWP和调度类 ............................................................................................................................................149 分时调度 .............................................................................................................................................150 实时调度 .............................................................................................................................................150 公平共享调度程序 ............................................................................................................................151 固定优先级调度 ................................................................................................................................151 扩展传统信号 ............................................................................................................................................151 同步信号 .............................................................................................................................................152 异步信号 .............................................................................................................................................152 延续语义 .............................................................................................................................................152 对信号执行的操作 ............................................................................................................................154 定向于线程的信号 ............................................................................................................................155 完成语义 .............................................................................................................................................157 信号处理程序和异步信号安全 ......................................................................................................158 中断对条件变量的等待 ...................................................................................................................160 I/O 问题 .......................................................................................................................................................161 I/O 作为远程过程调用 .....................................................................................................................161 人为的异步性 ....................................................................................................................................162 异步 I/O ...............................................................................................................................................162 共享的 I/O 和新的 I/O 系统调用 ...................................................................................................163 getc 和 putc 的替代项 ......................................................................................................................164 6 安全和不安全的接口 ...............................................................................................................................165 线程安全 .....................................................................................................................................................165 MT 接口安全级别 .....................................................................................................................................167 目录 7不安全接口的可重复执行函数 ......................................................................................................168 异步信号安全函数 ....................................................................................................................................168 库的 MT 安全级别 ....................................................................................................................................169 不安全库 .............................................................................................................................................169 7 编译和调试 .................................................................................................................................................171 编译多线程应用程序 ...............................................................................................................................171 为编译做准备 ....................................................................................................................................171 选择 Solaris 语义或 POSIX 语义 .....................................................................................................171 包括或 ...................................................................................................172 定义 _REENTRANT 或 _POSIX_C_SOURCE ...........................................................................................173 使用 libthread 或 libpthread 链接 ..............................................................................................173 与 POSIX 信号的 -lrt 链接 .............................................................................................................174 将原有模块与新模块链接 ...............................................................................................................174 备用线程库 .................................................................................................................................................175 调试多线程程序 ........................................................................................................................................175 多线程程序中常见的疏忽性问题 .................................................................................................175 使用 TNF 实用程序跟踪和调试 .....................................................................................................176 使用 truss ...........................................................................................................................................176 使用 mdb ...............................................................................................................................................176 使用 dbx ...............................................................................................................................................177 8 Solaris 线程编程 ........................................................................................................................................179 比较 Solaris 线程和 POSIX 线程的 API .................................................................................................179 API 的主要差异 .................................................................................................................................179 函数比较表 .........................................................................................................................................180 Solaris 线程的独有函数 ...........................................................................................................................183 暂停执行线程 ....................................................................................................................................183 继续执行暂停的线程 .......................................................................................................................185 相似的同步函数－读写锁 ......................................................................................................................186 初始化读写锁 ....................................................................................................................................186 获取读锁 .............................................................................................................................................188 尝试获取读锁 ....................................................................................................................................188 获取写锁 .............................................................................................................................................189 尝试获取写锁 ....................................................................................................................................189 解除锁定读写锁 ................................................................................................................................190 目录 8 多线程编程指南 • 2006年 10月销毁读写锁的状态 ............................................................................................................................191 相似的 Solaris 线程函数 ...........................................................................................................................193 创建线程 .............................................................................................................................................193 获取最小栈大小 ................................................................................................................................195 获取线程标识符 ................................................................................................................................196 停止执行线程 ....................................................................................................................................196 向线程发送信号 ................................................................................................................................197 访问调用线程的信号掩码 ...............................................................................................................197 终止线程 .............................................................................................................................................198 等待线程终止 ....................................................................................................................................198 创建线程特定的数据键 ...................................................................................................................200 设置线程特定的数据值 ...................................................................................................................201 获取线程特定的数据值 ...................................................................................................................201 设置线程的优先级 ............................................................................................................................202 获取线程的优先级 ............................................................................................................................203 相似的同步函数－互斥锁 ......................................................................................................................204 初始化互斥锁 ....................................................................................................................................204 销毁互斥锁 .........................................................................................................................................206 获取互斥锁 .........................................................................................................................................207 释放互斥锁 .........................................................................................................................................207 尝试获取互斥锁 ................................................................................................................................208 相似的同步函数：条件变量 ..................................................................................................................208 初始化条件变量 ................................................................................................................................208 销毁条件变量 ....................................................................................................................................210 等待条件 .............................................................................................................................................210 等待绝对时间 .................................................................................................................................... 211 等待时间间隔 ....................................................................................................................................212 解除阻塞一个线程 ............................................................................................................................213 解除阻塞所有线程 ............................................................................................................................213 相似的同步函数：信号 ...........................................................................................................................214 初始化信号 .........................................................................................................................................214 增加信号 .............................................................................................................................................215 基于信号计数阻塞 ............................................................................................................................216 减小信号计数 ....................................................................................................................................216 销毁信号状态 ....................................................................................................................................217 跨进程边界同步 ........................................................................................................................................218 生成方和使用者问题示例 ...............................................................................................................218 目录 9fork() 和 Solaris 线程的特殊问题 .........................................................................................................220 9 编程原则 .....................................................................................................................................................221 重新考虑全局变量 ....................................................................................................................................221 提供静态局部变量 ....................................................................................................................................222 同步线程 .....................................................................................................................................................223 单线程策略 .........................................................................................................................................224 可重复执行函数 ................................................................................................................................224 避免死锁 .....................................................................................................................................................226 与调用相关的死锁 ............................................................................................................................227 锁定原则 .............................................................................................................................................227 线程代码的一些基本原则 ......................................................................................................................227 创建和使用线程 ........................................................................................................................................228 使用多处理器 ............................................................................................................................................228 基础体系结构 ....................................................................................................................................229 线程程序示例 ............................................................................................................................................233 需要进一步阅读的内容 ...................................................................................................................233 A 样例应用程序：多线程 grep ..................................................................................................................235 tgrep 的说明 ..............................................................................................................................................235 B Solaris 线程示例： barrier.c ................................................................................................................293 ...展开收缩

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