文件名称:
Introduction to IP and ATM Design and Performance
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文件大小: 1mb
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上传时间: 2009-02-23
详细说明： 1 An Introductionto theTechnologiesofIPand ATM 3 Circuit Switching 3 PacketSwitching 5 Cell Switching andATM 7 Connection-orientatedService 8 Connectionless Service andIP 9 Buffering in ATMswitches and IP routers 11 Buffer Management 11 Traffic Control 13 2 Traffic Issues andSolutions 15 Delayand Loss Performance 15 Source models 16 Queueingbehaviour 18 Coping withMulti-service Requirements:DifferentiatedPerformance 30 Buffer sharing and partitioning 30 Celland packet discard mechanisms 32 Queue schedulingmechanisms 35 Flows, Co nnectionsandAggregates 37 Admission control mechanisms 37 Policingmechanisms 40 Dimensioningand configuration 41 3 Teletraffic Engineering 45 Sharing Resources 45 Mesh andStar Networks 45 Traffic Intensity 47 Performance 49 TCP: Traffic, CapacityandPerformance 49 VariationofTraffic Intensity 50 Erlang’s Lost Call Formula 52 Traffic Tables 53 viii CONTENTS 4 Performance Evaluation 57 Methods ofPerformanceEvaluation 57 Measurement 57 Predictive evaluation:analysis/simulation 57 Queueing Theory 58 Notation 60 Elementary relationships 60 The M/M/1queue 61 The M/D/1/K queue 64 Delayinthe M/M/1 and M/D/1 queueingsystems 65 5 FundamentalsofSimulation 69 Discrete Time Simulation 69 Generating random numbers 71 M/D/1 queue simulator inMathcad 73 Reachingsteady state 74 Batch means and confidence intervals 75 Validation 77 Accelerated Simulation 77 Cell-rate simulation 77 6TrafficModels 81 Levels ofTraffic Behaviour 81 Timing Informationin Source Models 82 Time betweenArrivals 83 Counting Arrivals 86 RatesofFlow 89 PARTII ATMQUEUEINGAND TRAFFICCONTROL 95 7 Basic Cell Switching 97 The Queueing BehaviourofATMCells in OutputBuffers 97 Balance EquationsforBuffering 98 Calculating theState ProbabilityDistribution 100 Exact Analysis forFINITE OutputBuffers 104 Delays 108 End-to-end delay 110 8 Cell-Scale Queueing 113 Cell-scale Queueing 113 Multiplexing Constant-bit-rateTraffic 114 Analysis ofanInfinite Queue withMultiplexed CBRInput: The 115 NDD/D/1 Heavy-traffic ApproximationfortheM/D/1Queue 117 Heavy-traffic ApproximationfortheNDD/D/1Queue 119 Cell-scale Queueing in Switches 121 9 Burst-ScaleQueueing 125 ATM Queueing Behaviour 125 Burst-scale Queueing Behaviour 127 CONTENTS ix Fluid-flow Analysis ofaSingle Source –Per-VCQueueing 129 Continuous Fluid-flow Approach 129 Discrete ‘Fluid-flow’ Approach 131 Comparingthe Discrete andContinuous Fluid-flow Approaches 136 Multiple ON/OFF Sources ofthe Same Type 139 The Bufferless Approach 141 The Burst-scale DelayModel 145 10 ConnectionAdmissionControl 149 The TrafficContract 150 Admissible Load:The Cell-scale Constraint 151 A CACalgorithm based onM/D/1 analysis 152 A CACalgorithm based onNDD/D/1 analysis 153 The cell-scaleconstraint instatistical-bit-rate transfer capability,based on 155 M/D/1 analysis Admissible Load:The Burst Scale 157 A practical CAC scheme 159 Equivalent cellrate and linearCAC 160 Two-levelCAC 160 Accounting forthe burst-scale delayfactor 161 CAC in TheStandards 165 11 Usage Parameter Control 167 Protectingthe Network 167 Controlling the MeanCell Rate 168 Algorithms forUPC 172 The leakybucket 172 PeakCell RateControlusing the LeakyBucket 173 The problemoftolerances 176 Resourcesrequired fora worst-case ON/OFF cell stream from peakcell 178 rate UPC Traffic shaping 182 Dual LeakyBuckets: The LeakyCupandSaucer 182 Resourcesrequiredfora worst-case ON/OFF cellstream from sustainable 184 cellrate UPC 12 Dimensioning 187 Combining TheBurst and CellScales 187 Dimensioning The Buffer 190 Small buffers for cell-scalequeueing 193 Large buffers forburst-scale queueing 198 Combining TheConnection,Burst andCell Scales 200 13 PriorityControl 205 Priorities 205 Space Priority andThe CellLoss Priority Bit 205 Partial BufferSharing 207 Increasing the admissible load 214 Dimensioningbuffers forpartial buffer sharing 215 Time Priority in ATM 218 Meanvalue analysis 219 x CONTENTS PARTIII IPPERFORMANCE 227 AND TRAFFICMANAGEMENT 14 Basic Packet Queueing 229 The Queueing BehaviourofPacketsin anIP RouterBuffer 229 Balance EquationsforPacketBuffering: The Geo/Geo/1 230 Calculating the state probability distribution 231 DecayRateAnalysis 234 Using the decayrate to approximate the buffer overflowprobability 236 Balance EquationsforPacketBuffering: Excess-rate Queueing 238 Analysis The excess-rate M/D/1, forapplicationto voice-over-IP 239 The excess-rate solutionforbest-effort traffic 245 15 Resource Reservation 253 Quality ofService andTraffic Aggregation 253 Characterizingan AggregateofPacketFlows 254 PerformanceAnalysis ofAggregate PacketFlows 255 Parameterizing the two-state aggregate process 257 Analysing the queueingbehaviour 259 Voice-over-IP, Revisited 261 Traffic Conditioning ofAggregateFlows 265 16 IP BufferManagement 267 First-in First-outBuffering 267 RandomEarly Detection–Probabilistic PacketDiscard 267 Virtual Buffers andScheduling Algorithms 273 Precedence queueing 273 Weightedfair queueing 274 Buffer Space Partitioning 275 Shared BufferAnalysis 279 17 Self-similar Traffic 287 Self-similarity andLong-range-dependentTraffic 287 The ParetoModel ofActivity 289 Impact ofLRDTraffic onQueueing Behaviour 292 The Geo/Pareto/1 Queue 293 References 299 Index 301 ...展开收缩
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