文件名称:
Sams.Programming.In.Objective-C.chm
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上传时间: 2009-03-18
详细说明： Chapter 1. Introduction The "C" programming language was pioneered by Dennis Ritchie at AT&T Bell Laboratories in the early 1970s. It was not until the late 1970s, however, that this programming language began to gain widespread popularity and support. This was because until that time C compilers were not readily available for commercial use outside of Bell Laboratories. Initially, C's growth in popularity was also spurred on in part by the equal, if not faster, growth in popularity of the Unix operating system, wh ich was written almost entirely in C. The Objective-C language was designed by Brad J. Cox in the early 1980s. The language was based on a language called SmallTalk-80. Objective-C was layered on top of the C language, meaning extensions were added to C to create a new programming language that enabled objects to be created and manipulated. NeXT Software licensed the Objective-C language in 1988 and developed its libraries and a development environment called NEXTSTEP. In 1992, Objective-C support was added to the Free Software Foundation's GNU development environment. This software is in the public domain, which means anyone who wants to learn how to program in Objective-C can do so by downloading its tools at no charge. In 1994 NeXT Computer and Sun Microsystems released a standardized specification of the NEXTSTEP system called OPENSTEP. The Free Software Foundation's implementation of OPENSTEP is called GNUStep. There's also a Linux version that includes the Linux kernel and the GNUStep development environment called, appropriately enough, LinuxSTEP. On December 20, 1996, Apple Computer announced that it was acquiring NeXT Software and the NEXTSTEP/OPENSTEP environment became the basis for the next major release of Apple's operating system, OS X. Apple's version of this development environment was called Cocoa. With built-in support for the Objective-C language, coupled with development tools such as Project Builder (or its successor Xcode) and Interface Builder, a powerful development environment was created for application development on Mac OS X. When contemplating writing a tutorial on Objective-C, a fundamental decision had to be made. As with all prior texts on Objective-C, I could write mine to assume the reader already knew how to write C programs. I could also teach the language from the perspective of using the rich library of routines, such as the Foundation and Application Kit frameworks. Some texts also take the approach of teaching how to use the development tools, like the Mac's Project Builder and Interface Builder. I had several problems adopting this approach. First, learning the entire C language before learning Objective-C is wrong. C is a procedural language containing many features that are not necessary for programming in Objective-C, especially at the novice level. In fact, resorting to some of these features goes against the grain of adhering to a good object-oriented programming methodology. It's also not a good idea to teach all the details of a procedural language before learning an object-oriented one. This starts the programmer off in the wrong direction, and gives the wrong orientation and mindset for fostering a good object-oriented programming style. Just because Objective-C is an extension to the C language doesn't mean you have to learn C first! So, I decided neither to teach C first nor to assume prior knowledge of the language. Instead, I decided to take the unconventional approach of teaching Objective-C and the underlying C language as a single integrated language, and from an object-oriented programming perspective. The purpose of this book is as its name implies: to teach you how to program in Objective-C. It makes few assumption about the platform you're running under, the development tools you have available, or the library of classes at your disposal. All that material can be learned elsewhere, after you've learned how to write programs in Objective-C. In fact, mastering that material will be much easier after you have a solid foundation on how to program in Objective-C. This book does not assume much, if any, previous programming experience. In fact, if you're a novice programmer, you should be able to learn Objective-C as your first programming language from this text. This book teaches Objective-C by example. As each new feature of the language is presented, a small complete program example is usually provided to illustrate the feature. Just as a picture is worth a thousand words, so is a properly chosen program example. If you have access to an Objective-C compiler, you are strongly encouraged to run each program (all of which are available online) and compare the results obtained on your system to those shown in the text. By doing so, not only will you learn the language and its syntax, but you will also become familiar with the process of compiling and running Objective-C programs. ...展开收缩
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