Making-Music-with-Computers-Creative-Programming-i

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详细说明：Making-Music-with-Computers-Creative-Programming-in-Python.pdflaking Music with Computers Creative Programming in Python chaPman hall/crc TEXTBOOKS IN COMPUTING Series editors John Impagliazzo Andrew Mcgettrick Professor Emeritus, Hofstra University Department of Computer and Information sciences University of Strathclyde Aims and Scope This series covers traditional areas of computing, as well as related technical areas, such as software engineering, artificial intelligence, computer engineering, information systems, and information technology. The series will accommodate textbooks for undergraduate and gradu- ate students, generally adhering to worldwide curriculum standards from professional societ- ies. The editors wish to encourage new and imaginative ideas and proposals, and are keen to help and encourage new authors. The editors welcome proposals that: provide groundbreaking and imaginative perspectives on aspects of computing; present topics in a new and exciting context; open up opportunities for emerging areas, such as multi-media, security, and mobile systems; capture new developments and applications in emerging fields of computing; and address topics that provide support for computing, such as mathematics, statistics, life and physical sciences, and business Published titles Paul Anderson, Web 2.0 and Beyond: Principles and Technologies Henrik Baerbak Christensen, Flexible, Reliable Software: Using Patterns and Agile Development John S Conery, Explorations in Computing: An Introduction to Computer Science Ted Herman, A Functional start to Computing with Python Pascal Hitzler, Markus Krotzsch, and Sebastian Rudolph, Foundations of Semantic Web Technologies Mark J. Johnson, A Concise Introduction to Data Structures using Java Uvais Qidwai and C H. Chen, Digital Image Processing: An Algorithmic Approach with MATLABe Mark J. Johnson, A Concise Introduction to Programming in Python Lisa C Kaczmarczyk, Computers and Society: Computing for Good Mark C. Lewis, Introduction to the art of Programming Using Scala Bill Manaris and Andrew R. Brown, Making Music with Computers: Creative Programming in Python Henry M. Walker, The Tao of Computing, Second Edition ChaPman hallicro TEXTBOOKS IN COMPUTING Making Music with Computers Creative Programming in Python Bill manaris College of Charleston South carolina. usa Andrew brown Queensland University of Technology Keperra, australia CRC) CRC Press Taylor Francis Group Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor Francis Group, an informa business a chapman hall book CRC Press Taylor Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway Nw, Suite 300 Boca raton Fl 33487-2742 o 2014 by Taylor Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Version date: 20140402 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4822-2221-0(eBook-PDF This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmit- y form by any electro including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, om the publishers Forpermissiontophotocopyorusematerialelectronicallyfromthisworkpleaseaccesswww.copyright com(http://www.copyright.com/)orcontacttheCopyrightClearanceCenterInc.(ccc),222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCc a separate system of payment has been arranged Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe Visit the Taylor francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the crc press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Contents Foreword, xix Preface, xxi The Authors, xxvii Acknowledgments, xxix CHAPTER 1. Introduction and History 1.1O∨ ERVIEW 1.2 CONNECTING MUSIC, NATURE, AND NUMBER 1. 2. 1 Pythagoras-Harmonic Series 1.2.2 The Antikythera Mechanism-The First Known Computer 1.2.3 Johannes Kepler-Harmony of the World 1.2.4 Cymatics 1. 2.5 Fractals 4679 1.3 COMPUTER MUSIC HISTORY 1.3.1 Automated Music 10 1.3.2 Early Computer music 1. 3. 3 Electronic Music 1.3.3.1 Reflection Questions 17 1. 4 ALGORITHMS AND PROGRAMMING 17 1.5 THE COMPUTER AS A MUSICAL INSTRUMENT 19 1.6 SOFTWARE USED IN THIS BOOK 21 1.6.1 Case Study: Running a Python Program 22 7 SUMMARY 23 vi■ Contents ChaPTer 2. Elements of music and Code 25 2.1 OVERVIEW 25 2.2 MUSIC IS SOUND AND 25 2.3 NOTES 26 2.3.1 Musical notation 27 2.3.2 Pitch 28 2.3.2.1 Pitches Are Integers 28 2.3.3 Duration 29 233.1 Durations are real numbers 31 2.3.4 Dynamic 31 2.3.5 Panning 31 2.3.6 Creating Notes 32 2. 4 RESTS 33 2.4.1 Creating rests 34 2.4. 2 Case Study: Playing a Note 34 2.4.2.1 Comments 35 2.4.3 Exercise 36 2.5 VARIABLES AND ASSIGNMENT 36 2.5.1 Examples 37 2.5.2 Reserved Words 38 2.6 NUMBERS 39 2.6.1 Integers 39 2.6.2 Floats 40 2.6.3 Arithmetic Expressions 40 2.7 INPUT AND OUTPUT 42 2.7.1 Input from the Keyboard 42 2.7.2 Output to the Screen 43 2. 8 DATA TYPES 44 2.8.1 The type( Function 44 2.8.2 Case Study: Finding the octave of a pitch 45 2.8.3 Testing Programs 46 2.8.4 Exercise 46 2.9 SUMMARY 47 Contents■vi CHAPTER 3. Organization and data 49 3.1 OVERVIEW 49 3.2 MUSICAL ORGANIZATION 49 3.2.1 Music data structure 50 3.3 PHRASES 51 3.3. 1 Creating Phrases 51 3.3.2 Adding Notes 52 3. 4 PYTHON LISTS 53 3.4.1 List Concatenation 54 3.4.2 List Repetition 54 3.5 ADDING NOTES WITH LISTS 55 3.6 CASE STUDY: LUDWIG VAN BEETHOVEN-"FUR ELISE 56 3.6.1 Exercise 57 3.7 MUSICAL SCALES 57 3.7.1 The Major Scale 58 3.7.2 The Minor scale 3.7.3 Other scales 59 3.7.4 Exercise 60 3.8 MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS 60 3.8.1 MIDI Instruments 3.9 SETTING THE INSTRUMENT 61 3.9.1 Exercise 62 3. 9.1.1 Setting the Tempo 3.10 CASE STUDY: HAROLD FALTERMEYER“AⅩELF 63 3.10.1 Exercises 64 3.11 CHORDS 64 3. 11.1 Adding Chords 3. 11.2 Case Study: Bruce Hornsby- The Way It Is 67 3. 11.3 Adding Chords with Lists 8 3.11.4 Case Study: 2Pac-Changes 68 3.12 PARTS 69 3.12.1 Creating Parts 70 3. 12.2 MIDI Channels Vi■ Contents 3.12.3 Adding Phrases 71 3. 12.4 Creating Ensembles 72 3.13 SCORES 74 3. 13. 1 Creating Scores 74 3. 13. 2 Putting It All Together 75 3.14A COMPLETE EXAMPLE 76 3. 14.1 Case Study: Joseph Kosma-Autumn Leaves Jazz Trio 76 3. 14.2 Exercise 3.15 MIDI DRUMS AND PERCUSSIVE SOUNDS 79 3.15.1 Exercises 80 3. 15.2 Case Study: Drum Machines 80 3. 15.2.1 Drum Machine pattern #1 81 3. 15.2.2 Exercise 83 3. 15.3 Case Study: Deep Purple-Smoke on the Water 83 3.16 TOP-DOWN DESIGN 84 3.17 INPUT AND OUTPUT 85 3. 17.1 Reading MIDI Files 85 3. 17.2 Writing MiDi files 86 3. 17. 3 Exercises 87 3. 1 8 SUMMARY 87 CHAPTER 4. transformation and process 89 4.1 OVERVIEW 89 4.2 GESTURES, EMOTION, AND MUSICAL STRUCTURE 89 4.2.1 Musical patterns 90 4.3 MINIMALISM 92 4.3.1 Repetition and phasing 93 4.3.2 Case Study: Steve Reich, Piano Phase"(1967) 93 4.4 MODIFYING MUSICAL MATERIAL (MOD FUNCTIONS)95 4.4. 1 Modifying volume 4.4.2 Modifying duration 96 4.4.3 Modifying Pitch 97 4.4.4 Modifying with Randomness 98

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