Safety\\_Considerations\\_of\\_Wireless\\_Charger\

文件名称: Safety\\_Considerations\\_of\\_Wireless\\_Charger\\_for\\_Electric\\_Vehicles.pdf

所属分类: 其它

开发工具:

文件大小: 526kb

下载次数: 0

上传时间: 2019-09-13

提供者: weixin_********

下载 (526kb)

不能下载？报告错误

详细说明：Safety\\_Considerations\\_of\\_Wireless\\_Charger\\_for\\_Electric\\_Vehiclespdf,Abstract—Wireless power transmission is a promising technology which attracts attention in many fields and products. With mobile electronic products being prevalent, such as cell phones and PDAs, removing the power Safety Considerations of Wireless Charger for Electric Vehicles-A Review Paper have become a hot technology mainly Charge paddle is inserted into an opening resonant wireless chargers for electric because of the emerging of massive in the vehicle, similar to how a gasoline vehicles, and then discusses key safety mobile electronic products such as nozzle is inserted into a conventiona concerns and potential areas that may laptops, cell phones, PDAS, and other vehicle for refueling 4. In this application, need specialized testing standards devices. For example, a laptop fitted the goal was to eliminate exposure of the development. The concept of Hazard with Bluetooth and/or Wi-Fi can be used operator to electrical contacts that are Based Safety Engineering(HBSE)is without cables, except during recharging at high potential and able to deliver very plied to the problem and UL's training a battery. Therefore, removing the power high currents. Maximum power available program is introduced charging cord is a natural progression of from the Magne Charge was 6.6 kW, maximizing the mobility of the product. requiring 208-240 VAC and 32 A services. Wireless Charging Technology For most inductive chargers, the charging In this paper, we discuss two wireless distance is less than one centimeter More recent wireless charging charging technologies applicable for requiring the mobile product to be placed technologies for EVs describe charging EVs. One technology uses an inductive on a charging pad. novel concepts fo the vehicle without the need to plug coupling method, also known as the inductive charging include embedding in a charger, through the use of coils or inductive power transfer(IPT) system wireless charging into desktop surfaces small antennas em bedded in the floor As shown in Figure 1, such a system is or conference tables. However, such of a garage, parking space, or even in composed by a primary coil, a secondary system would likely require widespread the street at intersections or along coil and a rectifier to convert the ac implementation. Al though the the roadway 5. 6. This paper describes power into DC power. The secondary coi technology can make it happen the approaches to wireless power transfer is placed on and carried by the EV and the embedded charging has not become technology with a focus on large-power primary coil is embedded in the floor of a popular due to a lack of standards applications, inductive and magnetic garage, parking space, or in the street Current products on the market tend to keep charging distance very small, with the primary utility arising from removing the need to plug the device in(e.g, the wireless WiTM remote charger from Fu Da Tong Technology Company ) or for improving product aesthetics(e.g,the rectifier Palm Touchstone TM charging dock for the Battery Power Palmo PreTm smartphone 3) Supply Primary Coil Secondary coil Systems that are capable of delivering power over a larger distance such as the To rectify on EV side WiTricity system described in detail later in this paper (o cm or more), or systems Magnetic Flux that deliver large amounts of power (1oo Secondary coil W or more)open wireless charging to AC Power Source Power panel new business. One of these applications Supply power V= M Primary Coil from the Inverter is the use of wireless charging for electric vehicles(EVs). Wireless charging of EVs Principle Schematic Diagram has been used from the start of the General Motors EV1, where a Magne Figure 1 Schematic Diagram of Inductive Power Transfer System for EVs page 3 Safety Considerations of Wireless Charger for Electric Vehicles-A Review Paper In 2009, Huang, Boys, Covic, and Budhia multiple turns as the IPT system. By designs of the transfer system were from the University of Auckland proposed using four coils (two extra), the power presented for different applications 23-33 an IPT system with a design of the power efficiency is improved for achieving The reports 23-29 focus on investigation regulator ensuring continuous power flow better impedance matching between and improvement of the power transfer t high efficiency, considering the fact the transmitter coil and receiver coil efficiency. It is noted that these reports that the separation could be increased The extra coils primarily provide an may be applicable to any wireless as a result of variation in the vehicle to extra degree of freedom in tuning the power transfer application including ground heights 7. In 2010, Huang, Boys, impedance of the coils to achieve better electrical vehicles, because most of Covic, and Budhia presented a charging impedance matching them are general discussions on how system with dynamic demand control in to improve the efficiency of the WPt assisting frequency stabilization of the The mrC technology is also described by system. Previous work on MRC system electrical power grid. Recently, HaloIPT Ic Intel "7 for wireless laptop applications has used loops, spirals, coils or lumped (acquired by Qualcomm) reported the IPT Zhu et al. experimentally demonstrated circuits to realize the two resonators(two system that can take place at a distance the feasibility of the mrC technology in inner parts of the system), in 23 SRRs are of 4o0 mm and to a power level of 6o kW 2008 but no application was involved ntroduced in the SCMR system and they Another wireless charging system for EVs Imura, Uchida, and Hori experimentally achieve excellent efficiency performance has been announced by Showa Aircraft studied the efficiency, resonant frequency (nearly 9o%). In 4, an MRC system Industry (SAl) in Japan, collaborated with and air gap of the MRC wireless charging with spiral resonators in air concrete Waseda University "12. In their most recent system for EVs using a helical antenna 9, interface is analyzed, and the efficiency results it claims a delivery of 3o kW over which has the advantages of high gain, of wireless power transmission from a a distance of approximately 100 mm smaller size electrically and circular source in air to a device embedded in polarization. These researchers also concrete via SCMR is reported In 25, the Disadvantages for IPT include a limited studied the performance of the system previous reported system using helical transferring distance and the efficiency is with respect to misalignment between antennas is studied for its efficiency to relatively low when there is misalignment the charger and the EV, and 2] proposed the impact of pitch and ground plane between the primary and secondary the equations for the relationshi p on those helical antennas. In 26 instead coils. An alternative technology that between maximum efficiency and of using a helical antenna with multiple largely circumvents both issues is air gap length in magnetic resonant turns, an array of coils are proposed defined as magnetic resonant coupling coupling using the Neumann formula to replace the helical antenna, and it (MRC), a"nonradiative"wireless energy and the equivalent circuit method. Beh claimed that it will reduce the phase transfer method 1. This technique Imura, Kato, and Hori proposed an Mrc cancellation problem and increase the gained significant attention through the system improving the efficiency of system efficiency as a whole. In 27,a work of A Karalis and colleagues at the power transfer by using an impedance tri-loop configuration is proposed for Massachusetts Institute of Technology matching (IM)circuit to tune the resonant the receiver enabling better impedance (MIT)4-16. The concept uses four coils frequency of the antenna to match the matching and frequency tuning In 2, an instead of two coils, and the power frequency of the power sources adaptive impedance matching method wirelessly delivered between the four using a multi-loop feeding is studied. The coils using resonant electromagnetic Recently, many research groups have multi-loop can consist of two or more states over distances that are moderately been studying the MRC system for loops and each loop has a RF switch such arge(i.e, ten times larger than the various applications. In the recent as a PIN diode. Thus, the multi-loop can diameter of the disk or coil used). It is 2012 IEEE Antenna and Propagation noted that the outer two coils have only ymposium, a session named"Wireless act as several different feeding loops S and can be reconfigured for impedance one turn and the two inner coils have Power Transfer" is organized and many page 4 Safety Considerations of Wireless Charger for Electric Vehicles-A Review Paper matching at a certain distance In?9 other parameters such as performance. and transition to the new standard analysis of misalignment effects between appearance and cost. Manufacturers smoothly. For more information regarding resonators in efficiency of midrange benefit by increasing the chance for UL HBSE training, please refer to 42 wireless power transmission is presented, successful product evaluation, thereb and some interesting phenomena of gaining product certification and market Potential Safety Concerns the nullification of the power transfer acceptance in less time and at less cost for EV Wireless charging regarding the misalignments have beer The following list of potential safety experimentally discovered In 30-31,the As shown in Figure 2, HBSE primarily concerns for an under-the-car Ev near fields were discussed for the wpt concerns three areas: hazardous energy charging system are not to be considered system In 3233, the human body effects sources, the transfer mechanism, and allinclusive, or imply that such hazards on the power transmission efficiency a body part 22. The key of HBSE is to exist for such a charging system. They were discussed quantify hazardous situations based on are to provide background for the safety the three-block model. We can predict standards and testing method for EV Hazard Based the probability of a potential hazard, or charging systems for which UL has Safety Engineering even whether or not injury will occur, if been concerning 35 and can provide the Although wireless charging systems we can quantify the energy sources, the solutions 36. similar considerations also has many advantages for EV charging, transfer mechanism and the effects on may be applicable for other wireless the technology also poses potentially the body HBSE can be applied to different systems capable of transmitting large significant safety concerns such as types of hazards, which typically are amounts of power. electrical shock due to the high electrical thermal hazards. electrical shocks. and power, high magnetic field exposure fire hazards, hBSE can also be used to A Electromagnetic Fields Exposure to the general public that may exceed enable safer designs through a relatively Electromagnetic field (EMF)exposure is standards and FCc regulations, and simple, straightforward process that a major concern for wireless charging for potential fire hazards. These concerns can be applied to virtually any product Vs EMF exposure need to be rigorously are primarily due to the presence of large or situation analyzed to be within acceptable levels power levels, large electromagnetic fields specified by safety standards, both under and operation in potentially hazardous Hazardous normal conditions as well as unusual Transfer locations(for example, operation in Energy Mechanism Body part conditions such as during abnorma Source garages with flammable materials). The operation, presence of a human under the Hazard Based Safety Engineering(HBSE) Figure 2 Block diagram of Hazard Based vehicle, potential abuse, etc For the driver approach is an engineering process Safety Engineering and passengers in the car, the radiation that focuses on the causes of injury and hazard may be less concerned due to anticipating them. HBSE aims to equip Underwriters Laboratories(UL) LLC was the shielding of metal on the chassis of engineers with a set of tools to anticipate licensed to organize the HBSE training, the car. However, there is a possibility specific hazards so that safeguards can which aims to help engineers integrate that humans or animals may be present be incorporated early on, rather than a safety compliance early in the product underneath the car during charging and reactive approach of seeking solutions design cycle. IBM, Dell, and the like are therefore be exposed to high levels of that would tend to bog down the safety among those who have increasingly electromagnetic radiation The radiation compliance design process at a later embraced the HBSE approach. The earlier zone"of the wireless charger for EV is stage of the production cycle. Specifically, manufacturers understand the Hazard in the near field of the electromagnetic the tools assist design engineers in Based Safety Engineering(HBSE)concept, wave, since both IPT and MRC operate in balancing safety requirements against the faster they can meet the challenges the near field of page 5 Safety Considerations of Wireless Charger for Electric Vehicles-A Review Paper the eme source versus far field which is precautions to minimize or avoid exposure. As given in 37, the"safety factors used for transmitting signals /information Also, the general public comprises incorporated in the MPEs are generally for antennas. Exposures in the near field individuals of all ages and of varying greater than the safety factors"in are more difficult to specify because health status, and may include particularly the BRs. Thus, as long as the external both e and h fields must be studied or susceptible groups or individuals fields meet mpe limit. the brs are met measured separately and because the automatically From 37, the magnetic field patterns are more complicated EEE Standard Ca5. permissible exposures(MPEs)between Apparently, the most hazardous radiation According to IEEE Standard C95. 1-200537 KHz and 5 mhz is 163 A/m for magnetic zone is right between the two coils, and below 1ookHz only the electrostimulation field strength(H field of rms value), secondary hazardous zone is around the limits apply, above 5 MHz only the and o 2o5 mT for Magnetic flux density coils(not right over the coils but still thermal limits apply, and both sets of B field under the car). These areas are the most limits apply in the transition region hazardous zones but it is noted that they between 1ookHz to 5MHz. The two ICNIRP Guidelines are not directly exposed to humans or types of recommendations for IEEE are For ICNiRP, the two types of animals at all time. Comparing with these expressed in terms of basic restrictions recommendations are"Basic restrictions areas, another important hazardous (BRS)and maximum permissible exposure and"Reference Levels". The reference zone in need of consideration is near the (MPE)values. The BRs are also referred level in iCnirP is similar to the maximum charger and around the car (not under the as in situ electric field or internal felds permissible exposure(MPE)values. In car), and it exposes to the general public in the human MPEs, which are derived terms of basic restriction comparing directly. This area along with the two from the brs are limits on external field with the ieee standard ICnirP uses hazardous areas under the car needs to be (outside the human body) and induced current density J(mA/m2) as the unit. considered during the design cycle and contact current From 37, assuming The relationship between the current the frequency employed by the wireless density J and the internal electric field by There are two international groups that charger is 5o kHz(usually between 10 Ohm's law: =oE. Where g is the electrical set standards/ guidelines for human kHz to 1oo kHz for current mainstream conductivity of the medium/body tissue Exposure to Electromagnetic field (EMF): wirelesscharger for EV), the BR limits are Assuming homogeneous o of o 2S m-14, one is the International committee on calculated as shown in table 1 the comparison between IEEE standard Electromagnetic Safety(ICES)under the and ICNIRP is given by Figure 3, where Institute of Electrical Electronic engineers Fs is the safety factor used by ICES and (EEE)37, and the other one is International Persons in Action ICNIRP It is noted that the icnirp has Commission on Non-ionizing Radiation Controlled Level only one general limit for BR, but the ICES Protection(ICNIRP). The radiation Environment (IEEE) has multiple limits for different restrictions set differently for general Exposed Eo(rms) Eo(rms) tissue public and occupationally exposed (V/m) (V/m) parts of body tissue such as the Brain and other tissue demonstrated in the figure population consists of adults who are Brain 14.725 44.25 As shown in Figure 3, the BR from ICNIRP generally exposed under known conditions Heart 282.3 282.3 recommendation for general public is and are trained to be aware of potential Extremities 31.3 31.3 much more conservative between io to risk and to take appropriate precautions Other tissues 10.5 31.3 noo kHz(range of wireless charger). Basic More stringent exposure restrictions restrictions are the key to harmonize of are adopted for the public than for the Table 1. Basic restrictions applying to various ICNIRP and ICES The ICnirP reference occupationally exposed population, regions of the body at the frequency of so KHz level for general public exposure to because individual members of the public time-varying electric and magnetic fields cannot reasonably be expected to take is found as 6.25HT 40. It is noted that the page Safety Considerations of Wireless Charger for Electric Vehicles-A Review Paper recommended magnetic field level is 6.25HT radiation is still over the standard limits, the max currents are presented for the which is much lower than the ICEs level and special control system needs to be resu its of 1g, log and whole body SAR defined for these areas evaluation for the respective Sar limits Recent publications and activities The max current from o 8 to 1.2A(rms To the authors current knowledge The magnetic resonant coupling(MRC) are used based on different anatomical few publications were presented on technology generally uses frequency model in order to meet the sar limit of simulation results of the magnetic field above 1ookHz(mainly between 1MHz to W/kg for 2g SAR exposure. The wireless radiation for wireless charger for EVs 1oMHz) This is much higher than the IPT charger for EV will require higher current and experimental results have not been technology and the radiation restriction (several tens of amperes) to obtain a presented so is much more stringent as the frequency reasonable charging time(not too long increases. Moreover. the sar evaluation is to be unrealistic), so the radiation level In 7, Huang et al. discusses the need to required by the standard. The technology for such a WPT system will not meet the meet stringent electromagnetic field at this frequency is hard to meet the safety standard exposure regulations for human and reference level. Intel collaborated with livestock by ICNIRP. The frequency IT'IS for investigation of near fields and The" Standard Reference man"39. if not employed in Huangs charger is in the SAR value in 2011 44 with the simulation grounded, has a resonant absorption range of 5 kHz to so kHz. At the frequency tool, " SEMCAD (part of IT'IS)". It is noted frequency close to 70 MHz, meaning used the limit of general public exposed that it shows only the normalized SAR maximum coupling efficiency, and to magnetic field intensity is regulated calculation results for four different in therefore maximum heating, when to be 6.25 uT by ICNIRP. Huang uses the models Duke and Thelonious in two a human is exposed to a field at this a particular design of the magnetic sagittal planes but it did not release frequency. For taller individuals the structure to constrain the leakage flux the real data without normalization resonant absorption frequency is outside of the pad to lower the fields. Some detailed results are also given in a somewhat lower. If a wireless charger This distributed ferrite structure was separate presentation at CE4A workshop system for EVs such as the MRC adopting suggested for EV charging applications 9 April 2012 45. In this presentation MHz frequency, the radiation exposure With this structure. most of the flux is contained within its cylindrical area Outside the charger pad the magnetic flux density drops rapidly as presented by Huang. The results suggest that ICES BR t 14omm away from the edge of the 1 Other tissue, public 02 charger pad, the flux density is dropped CNIRP adverse to the limit of 6.25 HT. This battery charging system is designed to be 10-1 ICES 2×102 installed underneath the vehicle and CNIRP. BR 50%adverse Fs=1/50 Public consequently the magnetic flux density outside the vehicle area will meet the 6.25 F8=1/3 2x103 ICES BR HT reference level specified by ICNIRP 40 Brain, public It is noted that only the simulation results are shown in this paper, and there is no 10 10 measurement or experimental results to Frequency(Hz) support the simulation results. Moreover for the most hazardous zones. the Figure 3 Basic Restrictions of ICES(IEEE)& ICNIRP for General Public 42 page 7 Safety Considerations of Wireless Charger for Electric Vehicles-A Review Paper should definitely be concerned and C Fire hazard examined either in the designing cycle or The presence of high power is a potential the certification of such a product fire hazard in the event of an insulation fault or other electrical failure Current Except direct coupling to the bod flow or excessive heating may need indirect coupling may also occur in certain to be electrically monitored for faults circumstances. For example, one potential including shorting, poor energy transfer, EMF exposure hazard is the coupling arc or ground faults, or other events that of EMF to medical devices worn by, or nay lead to a fire hazard. Performance implanted in an individual 39. Another of insulation materials used in the potential indirect coupling hazard is that construction of the charging coils need to when the body is in physical contact with be evaluated for long-term resistance to an object exposed to the feld, where the elevated temperatures and environmental object transfers electric currents througl exposure to ensure materials degradation the body 10. Transient discharges and will not likely create a fire hazard sparks can also occur when an individual and a conducting object exposed to a Conclusions strong field come into close proximity Safety and performance standards for wireless charging for EVs are currently B. Electrical shock under development. The automotive A wireless charger for an electric vehicle industry and other organizations could deliver look or more and could are developing the technology and utilize large voltages (for a household improving it not only from a performance installation, likely 240 VAC)and high perspective, but also from a safety currents(up to 100 A) Voltage potentials standpoint. Due to the large area across the primary and/or secondary coils of electromagnetic feld exposure may greatly exceed the supply voltage between the car and the primary coil The magnetic coil therefore would and high electrical power involved in need to be physically sealed to prevent this application, the product or system exposure of humans and animals to the needs to be designed accordingly in conductors, under normal operation order to meet the safety standard under a wide range of environmenta Under such condition that safety is conditions(for example, arctic cold, desert certified, efficiency and charging cycle heat, extended periods of dry weather, are also required to meet the customers immersion, seismic activity, etc. ) The expectation. As discussed, the standard National Electrical Code would also likely test should cover electrical shock need to be updated should such large electromagnetic field exposure level and power charging systems proliferate fire hazard. In our current research both hazards, since wireless charging systems simulation and experimental tools is may be permanently installed into the being used to evaluate the near magnetic floor of a garage or parking space fields for EV's wireless charger system. page 8 Safety Considerations of Wireless Charger for Electric Vehicles-A Review Paper References T.N. Tesla, Apparatus for transmitting electrical energy, US patent number 1, 119. 732, issued in December 1914 2.http://www.rfidpower.comtw/pol.htm 3. R. Merritt, Cell phones Warm Up to Magnetic Coup ing, Et limes, January 2009 A.avaIlableatthewebsitehttpi/www.magnecharge.com.Asof2009.siteredirectsto http://www.evchargernews.com 5. I.P. Schw nd, Armature induct on charging ot moving electric vehicle batter es, U.S. Patent 5821728,13 October1998 6. L.H. I ee, Cities tackle Missions with 'Online F ectr c Vehicles, R&D Magazine, 1& May 2009 7. Chang-Yu Huarg, I.T. Boys, G.A. Covic, and M. Budhia, Practical considerations for designing IPT system for +v hattery charging, "IHHH Vehicle power and Propulsion Conterence(pPO), pp 102-107, Sep 2009 8.Chang-Yu Huang, J. LBoys, G.A. CoViC, and M. Budh a, Implementat on and evaluation of an IPT battery charging system in assisting grid frequency stabilisation through Dynamic Demand Control, "IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference(VPPC) pp 1-5, Sep 20 9. C.-S. Wang, G.A. Covic and O H. Stielau, "General stability criterions for zero phase angle controlled loosely coupled inductive power transTer systems, "in IEEE 27th Annual Conference of the Industrial Eleclrorlics Sociely Deriver, USA, 2001, Pp. 10L9-1054 TORGehm, "Inductive charging gets green flag, Truck Bus Engineering online, SAE Internacional, Aug 11.Y. Kamiya, Y Daisho, F Kuwabara, and S Takahashi, Development and Perfcrmance Evaluation of an Ac vanIced Eleclric Micro Bus Trarispor La Lion Syslern(First Repor L)-Developrmenll and Perfcrmance Evaluation of Waseda Advanced Electric Micro Bus(WEB)", Proceedings of jSAE Annua Congress, 2006 12. Y Kamiya, Y Daisho, F Kuwabara, and S Takahashi, Development and Performance Evaluation of an Acvanced Electric Micro bus transportation System Second Report)-Development and Pcrfcrmancc Evaluation of Wascda Advanced Electric Micro Bus (WEB), Proccedings of JSAE Annual Congress, 2006 13. K Kobayashi, T Pontefract, Y Kamiya, and Y Daisho, Dcvclopment and Pcrformance Evaluation of a Non contact Rapid Charging Inductive Pcwer Supply System for Electric Micro bus, "IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference(VPPC), pp 1-6,Sep 2011 14.A. Karalis, J.D. Joannopculos, and M Soljacic, "Efficient wireless nonradiative mid range energ transfer, "Ann. Phys., Vol. 323. no. 1, pp 34-48, Jan. 20c8 T5.AKurs, A Karalis, R. Moffatt, J D. Joanncpoulos, P. Fisher, andM. Soljacic, "Wireless power transfer via strongly coupled magnetic resonances, " Science, vol. 317, pp 83-86, Jul6,2007 6.R. E Hamam, A Karalis, J.D. Joannopoulos, and M Soljacic, "Efficient weakly-radiative wireless energy transfer: An EIT-Iike approach, " Ann. Phys., vol. 324, pp. 1783-1795, Aug 2009 17. P Sample, T. Meyer, J Smith, "Analysis, Experimental Results, and Range Adaptation of Magnetically Coupled Resonators for Wireless Power Transfer, "IEEE Trans. Industrial Electronics, vol 58,no.2.pp44554Feb.201 transfer based on magnetic resonances, in Vehicle Pcwer and Propu sion Conference, 2008 Vl-2 8. C Zhu, K Liu, C Yu, R Ma, and H Cheng, Simulation and experimental analysis on wireless enel O8.|FF.sept.2008,pp.1-1 19TImura, T Uchida, and Y Hori, "Basic Experimental Study on Helical Antennas of Wireless Power Transter for Flectric Vehicles hy using Magnet ic Rescnant Couplings, IFFF Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conterence, pp.936-940,2009 page 9 Safety Considerations of Wireless Charger for Electric Vehicles-A Review Paper 20 T Imura, T Uchida, and. Hori: Flexibility of Contact ess Power Transfer using Magnetic Resnance Coupling to Air Gap and Misalignment for EV, World Electric Vchicle Journal, VoL 3, 21.T Imura, and Y Hor, " Maximizing Air Gap and Efficiency of Magnetic Resonant Coupling for Wire ess power Transfer Using Equivalent Circuit and Neumann Formula, IEEE Trans. Industrial Electronics. Vol 58, No 10, pp. 4746-4752, Cct.2010 22 Teck Chuan Beh, T Imura, M. Kato, Y Hori, "Basic study of improving efficiency cf wireless power transfer via magnet c resonance coupling based on impedance matching, IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics(IS E), pp 2011-2016, Jul 2010 23. Hao Hu and Stavros Geogakopoulos "Wireless Powering Based on Strongly Coupled Magnetic Resonance with SRR Elements, Proc. IEEE AP-S Int Symp. Dig, Chicago IL, uly,2012 24. Olutola Jonah and Stavros Geogakopoulos Wire ess Powering of Device Embedded in Concrete via Magnetic Resonance, ProC. IEEE AP-S Int Symp. Dig, Chicago IL, July, 2012 25 Helical ante in Near field Wire ess Power Transfer System, Proc. IEEE AP-SInt Symp Dig, Chicago IL, July, 2012 26.D. Liang, H Hui and T.S. Yeo"A Phased Coil Array For Efficient Wireless Power Transmission, Proc IEEE AP-S Int Symp. Dig, Ch cago IL, July, 201 27. D. Ricketts, and A Hillenius Tri-loap Antenna for Impedance Matcning and Frequency Tuning of High-Q Resonators in Wireless Power Transter, Proc. IEEE AP-S Int Symp. Dig, Chicago IL, July, 2012 28.B. Park, J. Park and J. Lee "Adaptive Impedance Matching of Wireless Power Transfer Usirg a Muti loop Feeding, Proc. IEEE AP-SInt Symp D g, Chicago IL, July,2012 29.KKim, Y Ryu, E. Park, K Song and C Ahn "Analysis of Misalignments in Efficiency of Mid-Range Magnetic Resonance Wireless Power Link, Proc. IEEE AP-S Int Symp. Dig, Chicago IL, July, 2012 30. I Yoon, and H Ling" nvestigation of Material Effects on Near-Field Wireless Power Transfer, Proc IEEE AP-SInt Symp Dig, Ch cago IL, July, 2012 31.X Jin, J Caicedo and M. Ali " Near Field Antenna Systems for Wireless Power Transfer to Embedded Sensors, Proc. IFFF AP-SInt Symp Dig, Chicago, luly, 2012. 32.1.Kim, J. Hwang, S Kang and Y. Kim A Study on Power Transmission through the Human Body for mplantable Device, Proc. IEEE AP-S Int Symp. Dig, Chicago IL, July, 2012, 33 M.Jung J. Hwang, SKang and Y. Kim " Power Transmission through the Human Body using Magnetic Coupling, Proc. IEEE AP-SInt Symp Dig, Chicago IL, July, 2012, 34. Gary Weidner, " Hazard-Based Safety Engineering: A process based presentation of Safety Principles, Conformity, May 200n 35. P Brazis Jr, DDini, A Fernando, andR. Wagner, Overview and Satety Considerations for Wireless Power Iransmission, White Paper, Underwriters I ahoratoreis(Ul), Summer 2009 Hditicn 6. Joseph Bablo, Outline of Investigation for Wireless Charging Equipment fcr Electric Vehicles,UL Standard 2750 37. IEEE Standard C95. 1, iEEE Standard for Safety Levels with Respect to Human Exposure to Radio Frequency -lectromagnetic Fields, 3 kH7 to 300 (H7, 2005, 38. United Nations Environment Programme/World Hea th Organization/ International Radiation Protection Association. Electromagnetic fields (300 H7 to 300(H7) Geneva World Health Organ zation, Environmental Health Criteria 137, 1993 39. Guidelines on imits oT exposure to static magnetic fields, International Cormission on Non lonizing Radiation Prctection(ICNIRP)Guildlines, Health Phys. voL. 66, pp 100-106, 1994 40.Guidelines for Limiting Expos ure to lime-Varying electriC, Magnetic and electromagnetic Fields(Up to 300 GHz), International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection(ICNIRP Guildlines, Health Physics, VoL. 74, no4, (1998), pp. 494-522 page 10

(系统自动生成,下载前可以参看下载内容)