PHP and MySQL by Example.pdfOver the past few year

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详细说明：Over the past few years, students taking my Perl/CGI course continued to ask me when I would be graduating from CGI to PHP, and whether I would offer a course or write a PHP “by Example” book. I didn’t really take the idea of a book seriously until attending a PHP/MySQL class here in San FranciscoPreface Over the past few years, students taking my Perl/cGi course continued to ask me when i would be graduating from CGI to PhP, and whether i would offer a course or write a php""by example"book i didn 't really take the idea of a book seriously until attending a PhP My SQL class here in San Francisco a few years ago, where I met Marko Gargenta, who was the teacher of that class and the inspiration for this book we had lunch together and I mentioned to him that the girl sitting next to me in the class was a web designer, with little programming experience. She was concerned that she couldnt keep up with the class and wondered if i knew where she could find a book that explained PHP for designers not just programmers. Marko had heard similar concerns from his students. We talked about how to address this issue and from that conversation, the seeds were sown for PHP and mysQl by example Although, theoretically, the Web designer/developer should need no PhP programming experience to change the database, and so on, they do not always work in isolation. For example, suppose a page is designed so that when the? content of a page, and the programmer should be concerned only with the logic, such as calculations, sending data to user enters bank information in an HTML form, a PHP program, after doing some calculations, finds that there are insufficient funds, and sends back an error in a bold red font. In such a case, PhP and hTML are integrated-one to calculate and produce the error message, the other to display it in a bold red font. Keeping the design and program logic separated may be the goal, but it is often impossible with the complexities of todays Web development And then there is the issue of the database management system. Where does the processed data get stored? Who designs the database and its tables? Who administers it? How does the information get from the Web page, to the PhP program and then to the database? Enter MysQL. Is this yet another world in isolation? Since my first meeting with Marko, I was challenged to bring these technologies together. When Prentice Hall agreed to publish our book, the learning curve was steep, and after the initial draft was done, I began teaching"An Introduction to PHP and MySQL Programming from the PDF version of that first draft. I noticed that more Web designers were signing up than programmers, and they came in with trepidation that it would be way over their heads. But with the real-world examples and labs we provided, they started to enjoy feelings of success on the first morning. It was wonderful to witness both designers and programmers sharing their experiences without the artificial boundary that has kept them isolated from each other in the workplace The mission of PHP and MysQL by Example is to create a gentle yet thorough introduction to the shared power of PHP and MySQL, to make static HTML pages dynamic. The labs and exercises have been tested by myself, Marko, and our students. I think you will find this "by Example book a helpful and complete guide, no matter what side of the web site you support, or even if you are just starting your own Acknowledgments Many people helped with the creation of this book. I'd like to thank mark l. Taub, my longtime editor at Prentice Hall Vanessa Moore, the most gifted compositor on the planet; and Julie Nahil, a great production editor Matthew Leingang, Sander van Zoest, David Mercer, and Jason Wertz provided extremely helpful manuscript reviews. Any remaining mistakes are my own Id also like to thank the students in my classes who provided valuable input for the labs. These include rita Mccue Sanjay shahri, Ryan Belcher, Debra Anderson, and Catherine nguyen The fantastic illustrations in the book were created by elizabeth Staechelin and Daniel Staechelin And many thanks to the artists who provided artwork for the art gallery example. They are Elliott Easterling, Laura blair, Stuart Sheldon and Todd brown Errata and solutions to the labs can be found on the book 's web site at www.prenhallprofessional.com/title/0131875086.TheNorthwinddatabasescriptusedinthechapterscanbefoundat http://marakana.com/download!sql/northwind.sql Ellie Quigley San francisco california September 2006 Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1. From Static to Dynamic Web Sites 1.1.1. Static Web sites The dream behind the Web is a common information space in which we communicate by sharing information Tim berners-Lee Sir tim berners-Lee When Tim Berners-Lee invented the world wide web in 1989, he unleashed an information revolution unparalleled since Gutenberg invented the printing press in the fifteenth century. Within less than 10 years the world as we knew it would be forever changed by his creation A 25-year-old computer consultant, Tim Berners-Lee started his initial work on the Web while working at Cern,a physics lab in Geneva, Switzerland. cerN was a huge scientific research center consisting of thousands of researchers and hundreds of systems. Berners-Lee first attempted to organize the documents on his hard drive by linking them together, which culminated in a hypertext language making it possible to link and distribute related documents, not only on his computer, but on networks of computers. His system kept track of the researchers, their projects and papers, the software they were using their computers, and so on. To retrieve and send documents, he developed a simple protocol Http(The Hypertext trAnsfer Protocol), and created Html(tHe Hypertext Markup Language)to describe the layout for the text in the documents. The early Web was like an online library, documents connected by links, where the high energy scientific community could freely read and access information throughout their company and eventually around the world The original Web was funded by the government, limited to research and education. The Web sites were made up of a collection of documents written in the HTML language. The pages were text based, simple, and static. Every time the user reloaded a page in his or her browser, it looked exactly the same. It consisted of hTMl text, images, and links. It was not the complex commercial Web we know today where you can do anything from online shopping, to trading stocks, booking vacations, or finding a mate. Static Web pages were useful for sending and retrieving reports, pictures and articles, but they couldnt manage data that changed, remember users names and preferences, instantly create customized output from a database, or embed streaming video into a page on the fly. As the Web grew and became a virtual shopping mall, competitors needed Web sites that would lure in potential buyers and traders with an interactive and exciting experience, quick response time, and on-the-fly feedback. They needed dynamic Web sites 1. 1.2. Dvnamic Web sites a dynamic web site is one with content that is regenerated every time a user visits or reloads the site. although it can be as simple as displaying the current date and time, in most cases it requires the use of a database, which contains the site's information, and a scripting language that can retrieve the information from the database. Google and Yahoo! are examples of dynamic sites, search engines that create customized pages based on a key word or phrase you type. The resulting page is created on the fly, customized just for you, based on your request. Farms of powerful computers all over the world are constantly taking such requests and processing therm In the early days of the Web, processing was done through the Common Gateway Interface, called CGl, a server-side technology that allowed web developers to create dynanic sites. Most CGI scripts were written in Perl. A browser would send information from an HTML Web external program called a CGi script or helper program. Although any programming language could be used, the mo page, such as information from a fillout form, to the server for processing. The server then would create a gateway to popular language for CGI was Perl. The Perl script would then parse the data, generate HTML based on certain conditions, Send an e-mail, open a file or database, and send in formation through the gateway back to the server, where it then was relayed onto the browser. (See the top portion of Figure 1. 1 Figure 1.. The process of creating dynamic Web sites Http Server Per rowser CGI Database Scri Server Br owser Database PHP Although the basic underlying process of creating dynamic Web sites hasnt changed, new languages have evolved, making the process much simpler by allowing the processing to be embedded right in the server PhP is such a language. A PHP script can be embedded right in the Web page. It can generate HTML and images on the fly, retrieve up-to-date information from a file or database, encrypt data, remember user preferences, and so on. It executes PHP instructions and inserts the results right back into the Web page before the server sends the page back to the browser, thus making the page truly dynamic. (See the bottom portion of Figure 1. 1. I To imply that Perl is outdated is not the intention here. Perl has Mason and mod_perl to allow Perl and html to be embedded in the apache server Web sites often handle huge amounts of information. a database management system is essential for storing, retrieving and updating that information. MySQL, the worlds most popular open source database, has become the choice for applications that interact with database-enabled Web sites. PHP and My SQL, working together, form a marriage of two powerful technologies used to produce dynamic Web pages. This book will show you how that marriage works 13. What Is Open Source? Free software "is a matter of liberty, not price. To understand the concept you should think of"free"as in "free speech, not as in"free beer. TheFreeSoftwareFoundationhttp:/www.gnu.orgiphilosophy/free-sw.html PHP and My sQL represent the latest generation of open source applications. What does that mean? In the beginning Berners-Lee envisioned making information freely accessible to everyone. As the Web evolved this idea of"free"took on different meanings for different groups. But however" free"is defined, it is safe to say that proprietary (privately ownedandcontrolledsoftwareisnotfree(seEhttp://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-software-for- freedom html#relationship. The Open Source movement is designed to make software source code freely available with limited restrictions. According to the open source initiative 2 Microsoft Windows, Adobe Photoshop and Win Zip are examples of proprietary software The basic idea behind open source is very simple: When programmers can read, redistribute, and modify the source code for a piece of software, the software evolves. People improve it, people adapt it, people fix bugs. And this can happen at a speed that, if one is used to the slow pace of conventional software development, seems astonishing Forthecompletediscussionseehttp:/www.opensource.org/docs/definition.phy PHP and My SQL are both open source. Simply stated you can download and use these applications without a credit card or a free trial period 1.2. About PHP Rasmus lerdorf LatLy So what is PHP? PHP is a simple, fast, portable scripting language well suited for development of database-enabled Web sites. It was developed in 1995 and is currently powering tens of millions of Web sites world wide. The predecessor to PHP was PHP/FI, Personal Home page/Forms Interpreter, developed by Rasmus Lerdorf in 1995 to help him track the number of visitors accessing his online resume. It was basically a set of Perl/CGI scripts later rewritten by Lerdorf in the C language and open-sourced; that is, made freely available. PHP was very Perl-like in sytnax, but whereas Perl is an all-purpose, jack-of-all-trades scripting language, PHP was designed specifically to master the Web PHP instructions can be embedded with HTML right in the Web page so that whenever the page is loaded, PHP can execute its code. PHP made processing forms easier by providing automatic interpretation of form variables. It allowed for interaction with databases. It enabled users to create simple dynamic web sites. The toolset Rasmus Lerdorf developed was so popular that in 1997, PHP/FI 2.0 was released. Due to the popularity of this new release, Lerdorf was soon joined by a core group of developers, who continued to provide improvements and enhancements to the new language. By this time, there where thousands of users and approximately 50,000 Web sites running PHP/FI pages Zeev Suraski and Andi gutmans, two students attending Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, needed a language for their university e-commerce project. They chose PHP/Fl for their project. Dissatisfied with its limitations and bugs they put their project aside, and rewrote PHP almost from scratch. PHP 3.0 was a significant departure from the previous code base. The new language supported add-on modules and had a much more consistent syntax. At this time the meaning of the acronym changed as well. PHP now stands for PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor. PHP3.0 was released in 1 998 and is the closest version to php today By May 2000, PHP 4 was released. The core of PHP 4 was entirely rewritten to improve the performance of complex Web applications and improve modularity of the platform Zeev Suraski and Andi Gutmans the authors of Php3 introduced a new parsing engine, called the Zend engine /31 which is the scripting language that powers PHP today Because of their internationally recognized authority suraski and gutmans founded Zend Technologies, the PhP company, and their contributions to PhP have been a major reason for its explosive worldwide growth. See www.zend ISI The term Zend is a portmanteau, a word created by combining the letters in their first names: Zeev and Andrew Ⅴ ersion4 offered Application pro pr ers to write modules for PHP, modules that would extend its functionality, modules that allowed PHP 4 to support most of the available databases and Web servers available. With this release, Php became a serious programming language and platform for developing and deploying complex web applications The latest incarnation of PHP was released in July 2004. PHP 5 added a whole new object-oriented model to the language. The new model is based on Zend Engine 2 and greatly improves PHP performance and capabilities. Most of the functionality is backward compatible, allowing programs written in older versions to continue working According to a Netcraft survey, as of October 2005, 23, 299, 550 domains and 1, 290, 179 IP addresses endorse PHP. See http://www.php.net/usage.php 21. Where to get phP and documentation You can get the latest distribution of PHP for Apache and Microsoft servers at the official Web site for PHP, php.net (see Figure 1. 2). This Web site is also an excellent up-to-date resource for PHP documentation. You can find a particular function, for example, by typing the search string into the top right corner of the page, and the result returned will be very close to what you were looking for, including links to other functions that perform a similar task. Most of the official documentation pages are annotated with the comments fron other users as well as any bugs or revision changes(see Figure 1.3) Figure 1. 2. The PHP home page EPHP: Hypertext Preprocessor Mozilla Firefox FleEdtyiew Go Bookmarks Took Help ,·③价 Itp: ww, php, net 0a〖 1 Customize Links D Free Hotmail RealPlayer L windows Marketplace D Windows Meda L Windo np net sites links my php.net search for inthe funcion list What is pHP? PHP 4.4.1 Released This mirror sponsored PHP is a widely-used general-purpose scripting 2200FHF44.1sn language that is especially available for download this suited for Web development: version is a maintenance 点Eu and can be embedded into elease that contains TELK HTML: If you are new to numerous bug fixes, incuding THE PLACE FOR EYERYTHINd I-EIWEEHdHAcI PHP and want to get some a number of security fixes idea of how it works, try the related to the overwriting of Now Featuring introductory tutorial. After: the GLOBALS array. All users that, check out the online of PHP 4.3 and 44 are wnw,Methos tingtaik, cam manual, and the example archive sites and some of encouraged to upgrade to: this version. the other resources Upcoming Events available in the links The full list of changes in PHP i addl section 4,4.1 is avalable in the Php 4 Ever wondered how popular, Changelog. November PHPi当? see the Netcraft Survey PHP User Group Events Conference a Figure 13. PhP download page I PHP: Donlands Mori a firman Fle Edt Wew fo Rook marks Tosks Help OG, h. dw融dm配n的h地pnbp|自 fY DhA rearch far aubry in the functon lint Binaries for other PHP5,1。1 systcms We do not diatomite Complete Source Code UNIX/Unux binaries. Most Linux distributions coma PHP 5.1 1(tar bz2) [5.005Kb]-28 NOV 2005 with PH2 these days, so if mds:77c90ae1B2d181901c390b844153c7 you do nat want to campile your Own, go to your FHP511t2[,66Bkb]-28Now2005 distirhution's download site mds:ed3099828282e66c6cadd8d979d739 Binanas availabls an external server: Windows Binaries As400 a FHP 5.1.1 zip package [6. 620Kb]-28 NOY 2005 Mac 05 x mds:75756005e1b95be75489b32cd21c NN创M的twa鱼 os/2 Collection of FECL modules for PHP 5.1-1 [1, 599Kb]-28 Now 2005 mds: 771c1aaf254fa4118385a5e19b50092f SGRS. PHP 5.1 1 installer [2,50/Kb]-28 NoY 2005 solaris(p点Rc,INTE CGl ony, packaged as windows installer to install and configure FHP, and older versions of PHP automatically configure ll, Pws and xitami, with manual configuration for other servers. N B. no external extensions induded See our releases page for mds:b453455e2ba2221848902294176991c older PHP versions. We have a PHP 5/Zend Engine 2 page explaining the language level changes other Downloads introduced in PHP S, The FHP5 Changel ag deta s all the other changes. 1.3. About MySOL Monty widenius Today many organizations face the double threat of increasing volumes of data and transactions coinciding with a need to reduce spending. Many such organizations are migrating to open source database management systems to keep costs down and minimize change to their existing systems. The world's most popular of these open source database systems (it's free to download, use, and modify)is My SQL. It is distributed and supported by MySQL AB, a Swedish commercial company founded by the original developers, David Axmark and Michael"Monty"Widenius, who wrote MySQL in 1995. MySQL has its roots in mSQL or mini SQL, a lightweight database developed at Bond University in Australia, to provide fast access to stored data with low menory requirenents. Its sy mbol is a dolphin called"Sakila representing"speed, power, precision and good nature of the My SQl database and community. 4) 14lMontyWidenius,MysqlfounderandCto,fromanewsreleasehltP:/iwww.nysgl.com/news-and- events/news/article 116.html 1.3.1. Where to Get mysQL and Documentation MySQL is installed on Inore than 6 million servers worldwide to power many high-volume and business-critical Web sitesSeehttp:/www.nlysql.coim/company/factsheet.html.MysqlwascreatedbyMySqlAbandisavailablefor downloadfrointheirWebsiteathttp:/www.nysql.corm,whereyoucanalsofindthelatestinfornationaboutMysql software and MySQL AB (see Figures 1. 4 and 1.5) Figure 1. 4. The MysQL home page. EMySQL AB: The World's Most Popular Open Source Database -Mozilla Firefox 品e世ttss息 marks Tools秒 Noao〖Q Custom links所 ee Homad Rea pwer Widows Marbebplce Windows Media□ WindS Te Mor& mos poplar open source anatase Login f Reister aFn Msn ulnHadevGo Farters On ne Shop Products Training Consulting support oEM News Events Customers why MySQL? How to Buy anren News MySQL Proe MysQL 5. 0 Downloaded one MIlion times in first tree is Herel A Data Diction M创L5,0Aale Poduction use anc more 1s* MysqL Northern Europe Customer Coference The most important release gver Download MySQL 5.01 Read the Articles Datasheet n m Using BIRT To Report On Eugzilla in MySPL White Papers eb seminars MysQL Training nmgM忌Ma日 MYSQL Network and se5500 Synchronization Manager InsUl NtROL5.自 MYSQL5,D Ms。L5for Downloads MEDL 4 Plugable Register How i Deve opers More MSEL DH#EA MysQL 5, D PLUggable M SCL Tools MyseL 5.0 stored sorage Nor 28- London ML亡 Pinfarluirt当 Register How睡 Dec 5 wash noton Dr Jan 23: koin Documentation n Mys叫L50 Triggers助 Fme Unsung Heroes or MY5QL50 MhrsoL 5dior DBAS White Papers Nh MySOL乐vws种 Register Not睡 More a电sm 血鱼F下血 Figure 1.5. The My SQL Documentation page. 独世wwI q·中·母8即收小 IEVELOFFR FO HF LnPR的sfr MUSQL MY50Lcom :30L Network orvelaper?曰n Partners Online shap Downloads Documentation Forums Lists Bugs Events User Groups Guilds Blogs support Resources Books FAQ MySOL Documerabon Overview MysCL Reference Laus 323 404.1 5.0 5.1 MacO DoouTertwten The MEaL Referente Manual covera most of the areas ofMhBOL use This manual is far bosh MyoL Communit Edtion and M oL Netork日 wi wanaaring数图容种到的m the manual, You can ga support by purchaing MBOL Nobwoak, which prouder Get a head start comgeeherrs me suppon and semiteS MYSoL Netaur also provides a temnnenensme 2)w的 knowed ae Base Frary that includes hundreds oftechnical articles reson uncut problems an popular camas topics such as peroRmance, replication, and mn atio MuSL,的swB Iymmn2? Leaf fr cure ahou The oimerenas beTween LhaDL commun Eui n and M3DL NRM0tk You can also find help by ws ting the MaOL Forums or by browsing our main ial Related pages FERN Dui 183.2. Features of MySQL My SQL is a relational database management system. Whether you're involved with a Web site that processes millions of requests a day like e Bay or Yahoo! or a smaller site such as your own online shop or training course, the data must be stored in an organized and structured way for easy access and processing. This is handled by a database management system such as MysQL where the data is stored in tables rather than in a flat file MySQL uses the client/server model; that is, a database server MysQL) that serves(communicates) with multiple clients(application programs), where the clients may or may not be on the same computer. It also supports SQL, the structured query language, a standardized language used by most modern databases for working with data and administering the database MySQL Software is open source. As discussed carlier in this chapter, open source means that it is possible for anyone to download mysQl from the Internet, and use and modify the software without paying anything. The mysQL software usestheGpl(GnuGeneralPublicLicense),http://www.fsf.org/licenses,todefinewhatyoumayandmaynotdowith the software in different situations. If you need to use MySQL code in a commercial application, you can buy a commercially licensed version. See the My SQL Licensing Overview for more information (http://www.mysql.com/company/legal/licensingl) The My SQL Database Server is very fast, reliable, and easy to use. MySQL Server was originally developed to handle large databases much faster than existing solutions and has been successfully used in highly demanding production environments for several years. Its connectivity, speed, and security make My sQL Server highly suited for accessing data bases on the internet MySQL Serves as a back end for all kinds of information such as e-mail, Web images and content, games, log files, and so on. The server can be embedded in applications such as cell phones, electronic devices, public kiosks, and more 1.3.3. How to Install MySQL and PHP Appendix e of this book contains instructions on the installation procedures for Windows, UNIX, Macintosh, and so on. The source code for PhP and MySQL can also be found on the Cd included in the back cover of this book

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