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详细说明：The GNU C Library Reference Manual
This file documents the GNU C Library.
This is The GNU C Library Reference Manual, for version 2.21.The GNU C Library
Reference manual
Sandra loosemore
with
Richard m. stallman, Roland McGrath, Andrew Oram, and Ulrich Drepper
for version 2.21
This file documents the gnu c library
This is The GNU C Library Reference Manual, for version 2.21
Copyright 1993-2015 Free Software Foundation, Inc
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and /or modify this document under the terms of
the gnu Frcc Documentation License, Version 1. 3 or any latcr version published by the
Free Software Foundation; with the Invariant Sections being " Free Software Needs free
Documentation"and"GNU Lesser General Public License, the Front-Cover texts being
"A GNU Manual", and with the Back-Cover Texts as in(a)below. A copy of the license is
included in the section entitled "Gnu Free Documentation License ll
(a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: You have the freedom to copy and modify this GNU
manual. Buying copies from the FSF supports it in developing gnU and promoting software
freedon.”
Short Contents
1 Introduction
2 Error Reporting
22
3 Virtual memory Allocation And Paging......... 39
4 Character handling
77
5 String and array utilities
...87
6 Character Set handling
.,..127
7 Locales and Internationalization
169
8 Message Translation
..,..,,,,,.188
9 Searching and sorti
212
10 Pattern Matching
11 Input/Output Overview
12 Input/Output on Streams
247
13 Low-Level Input/Output
322
14 File System Interface
376
15 Pipes and Fifos
,,,,,,422
16 Sockets
427
17 Low- Level Terminal Interface
....475
18 Syslog
.....502
1 9 Mathematics
509
20 Arithmetic Functions
7
21 Date and time
593
22 Resource Usage And Limitation
628
23 Non-Local exits
650
24 Signal handling...…..…...….….659
25 The Basic Program/System Interface
703
26 Processes
..747
27 Inter-Process Communication
鲁··
759
28 Job control
761
29 System Databases and Name Service Switch
...780
30 Users and groups
789
31 System Management
....819
32 System Configuration Parameters
836
33 DES Encryption and Password Handlin
857
34 Debugging suppor
864
35 POSiX Threads
..867
36 Internal probes
869
a C Language Facilities in the library..........875
b Summary of Library facilities
890
c Installing the gnU C Library
D Library maintenance
申
...100l
E Platform-specific facilities
,,,,1008
F Contributors to the GU C library
1010
G Free Software Needs Free Documentation
1015
h GU Lesser General public license
1017
GNU Free Documentation license
...1026
Concept Index
10.34
Type Index..……
1044
Function and macro index
.1047
Variable and Constant Macro Index
1059
Program and File Index
...,,,.,,,,,,,,,1069
Table of Contents
1 Introduction
1.1 Getting Started
·垂
1.2 Standards and portability
1
1.2.1ISO(
2
1. 2. 2 POSIX (The Portable Operating System Interface)
1.2.2.1 POStX Sa fety concepts
2
1.2.2.2 Unsafc Fcaturcs
4
1.2.2.3 Conditiona. lly Safe Features
1.2.2.4 Other Safcty Remarks
9
1.2.3 Berkeley Ur
11
1.2. 4 SVID(The System V Interface Description
11
5 XPG(The X/Open Portability Guide
12
1. 3 Using the library
12
1.3.1 Header files
12
1.3.2 Macro Definitions of functions
13
1.3. 3 Reserved names
.14
1.3.4 Feature Test macros
1.4 Roadmap to the manual
18
2 Error reporting
22
2.1 Checking for Errors
22
2.2卫 rror Codes.....
23
2.3 Error Messages
33
3 Virtual memory Allocation And Paging
39
3.1 Process Memory Concepts
39
3.2 Allocating Storage For Program Data
40
3.2.1 Memory Allocation in C Programs............ 41
3.2.1.1 Dynamic Memory Allocation
41
3.2.2 Unconstrained Allocation................. 42
3.2.2.1 Basic Memory Allocation
42
3.2.2.2 Examples of malloc
42
3.2.2. 3 Freeing Memory Allocated with malloc
43
3.2.2.1 Changing the Size of a Block
∴.,14
3.2.2.5 Allocating Cleared Space
∴...45
3.2.2.6 Efficiency Considerations for malloc
45
3.2.2.7 Allocating Aligned Memory blocks
46
3.2.2. 8 Malloc Tunable parameters
47
3.2.2.9 Heap Consistency Checking
48
3.2.2.10 Memory Allocation Hooks............. 50
3.2.2.11 Statistics for Memory Allocation with malloc
52
3.2.2. 12 Summary of malloc-Related Functions
53
3.2.3 Allocation Debugging
54
3.2.3.1 How to install the tracing functionalit
鲁善
54
3.2.3.2 Example program excerpts
55
3.2.3.3 Some more or less clever ideas,.,,,,,.....,56
3.2.3.4 Interpreting the traces
57
3.2.4 Obstack
58
3.24.1 Creating obstacks.……58
3.2.1.2 Preparing for Using Obstacks
.....59
3.2. 4.3 Allocation in an obslack
60
3.2.4.4 reeing Objects in an Obstack∴……,,…,61
3.2.4.5 Obstack Functions and macros
61
3.2.4.6 Growing Objects
62
8.2.4.7 Extra Fast, Growing Objects
64
3.2.4.8 Status of an Obstack
66
3.2. 4.9 Alignment of Data in Obstacks
67
3.2.4.10 Obstack Chunks
∴67
3.2.4. 11 Summary of Obstack Functions
.68
3.2.5 Automatic Storage with Variable Size
.69
3.2.5.1 alloca Example
70
3.2.5.2 Advantages of alloca
70
3.2.5.3 Disadvantages of alloca
71
3.2.5.4 GNU C Variable-Size Arrays
.,71
3.3 Resizing the Data Segment
...72
4 Locking Page
3.4.1 Why Lock Pages
73
3.4.2 Locked Memory Details
3.4.3 Functions To Lock And Unlock Pages
74
4 Character Handling
.....77
4.1 Classification of Characters
77
4.2 Case Conversion
4.3 Character class determination for wide characters
鲁
80
4.4 Noles on using the wide character classes
84
4.5 Mapping of wide characters
85
5 String and Array Utilities
87
5.1 Representation of Strings
87
5.2 String and array Conventions.................88
5.3 String Length
5. 4 Copying and ConcatenatioN
···
91
5.5 String
Array comparison
102
5.6 Collation functions
106
5.7 Search Functions
5.7.1 Compatibility String Search Functions
115
5.8 Finding Tok
Strin
115
9 strfr
∴,120
5.10 Trivial Encryption
120
5.11 Encode Binary data
121
5.12 Argz and Envz Vectors
∴..,122
5.12.1 Argz Functions
∴,123
5.12.2 Envz functions
125
6 Character Set Handling
127
6.1 Introduction to extended characters
127
6.2 Overview about Character Ilandling Functions
131
6.3 Restartable multibyte Conversion Functions
..131
6.3. 1 Selecting the conversion and its properties
6.3.2 Representing the state of the conversion
∴..,131
∴...132
6.3. 3 Converting Single Characters
∴.,133
6.3.4 Converting multibyte and wide Character strings.... 139
6.3.5 A Coinplete Multibyte Conversion Example....... 143
6.1 Non-reentrant Conversion Function.............. 111
6.4.1 Non-reentrant Conversion of Single Characters
144
6.4.2 Non-reentrant Conversion of strings
...146
6.4.3 States in Non-reentrant functions
147
6.5 Generic Charset Conversion
.148
6.5.1 Generic character set conversion Interface
149
6.5. 2 A complctc iconv cxamplc
,.152
6.5. 3 Some Details a bout other iconv Implementations
154
6.5.4 Thc iconv Implementation in the GNU C Library.... 155
6.5.4.1 Format of gconT-modules files
156
6.5. 4.2 Finding the conversion path in iconv
..157
6.5.4.3 iconv module data structures
158
6.5.4. iconv module interfaces
.161
7 Locales and internationalization
.169
7. 1 What Effects a Locale has
169
7.2 Choosing a Locale
170
7. 3 Locale Categories.......
,170
7. 4 How Programs Set the locale
171
7.5 Standard Locales
173
7. 6 Locale names
.....173
7.7 Accessing Locale Information
174
7.7.11ca1
It
table but
175
7.7. 1.1 Generic Numeric Formatting Parameters............175
7.7.1.2 Printing the Currency Symbol
176
7.7. 1.3 Printing the Sign of a Monetary Amount......178
7.7.2 Pinpoint access to Locale Data
178
7. 8 a dedicated lunction to format numbers........... 184
7.9 Yes-or-No Questions
187
8 Message Translation
····
188
8.1 X/Open Message Catalog ha
anding ...
.188
8.1.1 The catgets function family
188
8.1.2 Format of the message catalog files
191
8.1.3 Generate Message Catalogs files
∴,193
8.1. 4 How to use the catgets interface............ 194
8.1.4.1 Not using symbolic names
..195
8.1.4.2 USing symbolic names
195
8.1.4. 3 How docs to this allow to devclop
..196
8.2 The Uniforum approach to Message Translation
··=
197
8.2.1 The gettext family of functions.............197
8.2.1.1 What has to be done to translate a message?
198
8.2.1.2 How to determine which catalog to be used
8.2.1.3 Additional functions for more complicated situations
.202
8.2. 1.4 How to specify the output character set gettext uses
8.2.1.5 How to use gettext in GUi programs
207
8.2. 1.6 User influence on gettext
2. 2 Programs to handle message catalogs for gettext
9 Searching and Sorting
212
9.1 Defining the Comparison Function
212
9.2 Array Search Function
212
9.3 Array Sort Function
.·:·.····.··
13
9. 4 Searching and Sorting Example ............... 214
9. 5 The hsearch function
9. 6 The tsearch function
10 Pattern Matching
.222
10.1 Wildcard Matching
222
10.2 Globbing
223
10.2.1 Calling glob
223
10.2.2 Flags for Globbing
∴..∴,227
10.2.3 More Flags for Globbing................ 228
10.3 Regular Expression Matching
∴....,230
10.3.1 POSIX Regular Expression Compilation .. .............231
10.3. 2 Flags for POSiX Regular Expressions
232
10.3.3 Matching a Compiled posix Regular expression.... 233
10.3.4 Match Results with Subexpressions
234
10.3.5 Complications in Subexpression matching
234
10.3.6 POSIX Regexp Matching Cleanup
235
10.4 Shell-Style v
F
236
10.4.1 Thc Stages of Word Expansion............. 236
10.4.2 Calling worde
237
10.4.3 Flags for Word Expansion............... 238
10.4.4 wordexp Example
239
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