Laser Physics:From Principles to Practical Work in

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详细说明：激光技术书籍，英文资料，激光器知识Graduate Texts in Physics Graduate Texts in Physics publishes core learning/teaching material for graduate- and ad- vanced-level undergraduate courses on topics of current and emerging fields within physics both pure and applied. These textbooks serve students at the Ms-or PhD-level and their instructors as comprehensive sources of principles, definitions, derivations, experiments and applications(as relevant) for their mastery and teaching, respectively. International in scope and relevance, the textbooks correspond to course syllabi sufficiently to serve as required reading. Their didactic style, comprehensiveness and coverage of fundamental material also make them suitable as introductions or references for scientists entering, or requiring timely knowledge of a research field Series editors Professor richard Needs Cavendish laboratory J Thomson avenue Cambridge cB3 ohe, UK rnlicam ac uk Professor william rhodes Department of Computer and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Imaging Science and Technology Center Florida atlantic University 777 Glades road se. room 456 Boca raton FL 33431. USA rhodes fau.edu Professor Susan scott Department of Quantum Science Australian National University Science road Acton 0200. australia susan scott a anu. edu. au Professor H. Eugene Stanley Center for Polymer Studies Department of Physics Boston University 590 Commonwealth Avenue. Room 204B Boston. MA 02215. USA hes a bu. ed Professor martin Stutzmann Walter Schottky Institut TU Munchen 85748 Garching, germany stutz wsi. t u-muenchen, de Marc eichhorn Laser physics From Principles to practical work in the lab ② Springer Marc eichhorn Institute saint-Louis Saint louis. france ISSN1868-4513 issn 1868-4521(electronic) Graduate Texts in Physics ISBN978-3-31905127-7 ISBN978-3-31905128-4( eBook) DOI10.1007/978-3-319-05128-4 Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2014935243 o Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publishers location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of pub lication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein Printed on acid-free paper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+businessMedia(www.springer.com) Preface The laser belongs to one of the most fascinating fields in modern physics since its first experimental demonstration in 1960 by t. h. maiman The laser itself and its applications have fundamentally influenced many fields in modern physics as well as in many other sciences-some of which only become possible through the existence of the laser. The outstanding quantum-mechanical properties of laser ra- diation, for example its coherence and interaction with atoms or molecules, opened new fields of research, from spectroscopy in physics, chemistry and biology to in formation processing, materials science and general metrology, and to some of the probably most fascinating fields of physics: the laser allows us to create and study extreme states of matter such as Bose-Einstein condensates or degenerate Fermi gases. It opens a way to important investigations in quantum mechanics, has a big impact on solid-state physics and electronics by creating a need for more and more efficient light sources such as laser diodes and it made the demonstration and ex- oloitation of the interesting field of non-linear optics possible. The laser will provide an enormous contribution also in the future to discover gravitational waves to cre ate extremely hot and dense matter, for example for inertial fusion, and it opens the was to understand the fundamentals of physics at ultra-short time scales, which has become possible only owing to the existence of femto- and atto-second laser pulses This text book originates from a lecture in laser physics at the Karlsruhe School of Optics and photonics at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe Germany, which has been given there since 2008. A main item in the conception of this text book was, to describe the fundamentals of lasers in a uniform and especially lab-oriented notation and formulation, as well as many currently well-known laser types, becoming more and more important in the future. It closes a gap between, for example, the measurable spectroscopic quantities and the whole theoretical descrip tion and modelling This text book contains not only the fundamentals and the context of laser physics in a mathematical and methodical approach important for university-level studies. It allows simultaneously, owing to its conception and its modern notation, to directly implement and use the learned matter in the practical lab work. It is presented in a format suitable for everybody, who wants to not only understand the fundamentals of lasers, but also use modern lasers or even develop and make laser setups. This text book tries to limit prerequisite knowledge and fundamental understanding to a minimum and is intended for students in physics, chemistry and mathematics after a bachelor degree, with the intention to create as much joy and interest as seen among the participants of the corresponding lecture This university text book describes in its first three chapters the fundamentals of lasers: light-matter interaction, the amplifying laser medium and the laser resonator In the fourth chapter, pulse generation and related techniques are presented and investigated. The fifth chapter gives a closing overview on to different laser types gaining importance currently and in the future. It also serves as a set of examples on which the theory learned in the first four chapters is applied and extended The author wishes to thank Prof David H. TittertonDstl, UK)for proof reading the manuscript and offering valuable comments, and to Springer, here especially to Vera Spillner and claus ascheron for the extraordinary and friendly collaboration Saint louis. france Marc eichhorn Contents Quantum-Mechanical Fundamentals of Lasers 1. 1 Einstein relations and plancks law 1.2 Transition Probabilities and matrix Elements 1155 1. 2.1 Dipole radiation and spontaneous emission 1.2.2 Stimulated Emission and absorption 1.3 Mode Structure of Space and the Origin of Spontaneous Emission 1.3.1 Mode density of the vacuum and optical media 699 1.3.2 Vacuum Fluctuations and Spontaneous Emission 1. 4 Cross Sections and Broadening of Spectral Lines 14 1.4.1 Cross Sections of Absorption and Emission 14 1.4.2 Natural Line Width and broadening of spectral lines 18 References 21 2 The Laser principle 23 2.1 Population Inversion and Feedback 23 2.1.1 The Two-Level System 24 2.1.2 Three- and Four-Level Systems 4 2.1.3 The Feedback Condition 33 2.2 Spectroscopic Laser Rate equations 35 2.2.1 Population and Stationary Operation 35 2.2.2 Relaxation oscillations 41 2.3 Potential Model of the laser 44 References 47 3 Optical resonators 49 3. 1 Linear and ring resonators and their stability criteria 49 3.1.1 Basics of matrix Optics 49 3.1.2 Stable and Unstable linear resonators 50 3.1.3 Stable and Unstable Ring resonators 3.2 Mode Structure and Intensity Distribution 55 3.2.1 The Fundamental Mode: The Gaussian Beam 56 Contents 3.2.2 Higher-Order Transverse Modes and Beam Quality 61 3.2.3 Longitudinal Modes and Hole-Burning Effects 69 3.3 Line width of the Laser emission 72 References 74 4 Generation of short and ultra-Short pulses 75 4.1 Basics of Q-Switching 75 4.1.1 Active Q-Switching 75 4.1.2 Experimental realization 81 4.1.3 Passive Q-Switching 86 4.1.4 Scaling Laws of Repetitive Q-Switching 89 4.2 Basics of Mode Locking and Ultra-Short Pulses 92 4.2.1 Active Mode locking 94 4.2.2 Passive Mode locking 96 4.2.3 Pulse Compression of Ultra-Short Pulses 98 References 103 5 Laser Examples and Their applications 105 5.1 Gas Lasers: The Helium-Neon -Laser 105 5.2 Solid-State Lasers 108 5.2.1 The Nd3+-Laser 5.2.2 The Tm3+-Laser 121 5.2. 3 The TiT: Al2o3 laser 130 5.3 Special Realisations of Lasers 135 5.3. 1 Thermal Lensing and Thermal stress 136 5.3.2 The Fiber laser 140 5. 3. 3 The Thin-Disk laser 158 References 165 Index 167 Chapter 1 Quantum-Mechanical Fundamentals of Lasers In this chapter we will investigate the basic quantum-mechanical effects and rela- tions that allow the realization of a laser and determine the properties of laser opera- tion. These are the fundamental processes of absorption, spontaneous emission and stimulated emission of light and their quantum-mechanical description 1.1 Einstein relations and Planck's law It was is the early years of quantum physics, when Planck found a theoretical description of the spectral distribution of the blackbody radiation. This radiation, which is emitted, e.g., from a small hole in the walls of a hohlraum(the blackbody) kept at a temperature T as shown in Fig. 1.1, shows a characteristic spectrum. Its spectral distribution and the peak of the emission intensity are only a function of the blackbody temperature. In Plancks derivation of this spectrum he assumed that electromagnetic radiation cannot be emitted or absorbed continuously, but only in fixed amounts of energy, the quanta, with a corresponding energy of e=hv 入 Today we know that these quanta are the photons of the electromagnetic field that can be described by their frequency v or their wavelength 2 Einstein also tried to find a derivation of this spectral distribution, starting from the fundamental interactions of absorption and emission between a quantum mechanical system(atom, ion, molecule, electronic states in condensed matter for Fig 1.1 Measurement of the spectral distribution of th blackbody radiation emitted by a hohlraum at a L temperature T' M. Eichhorn, Laser Physics, Graduate Texts in Physics DOI10.1007/978-3-319-05128-41, o Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014

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