Massive MIMO Networks, Spectral, Energy, and Hardw

文件名称: Massive MIMO Networks, Spectral, Energy, and Hardware Efficiency.pdf

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详细说明：关于MIMO技术在频域、功耗等方面的效率的研究。作者来自林雪平大学和诺基亚公司。Contents 1 Introduction and motivation 158 1.1 Cellular Networks 160 1.2 Definition of spectral efficiency 167 1. 3 Ways to Improve the spectral efficiency 173 1. 4 Summary of Key points in Section 1 214 2 Massive mimo Networks 216 2.1 Definition of massive mimo 216 2.2 Correlated Rayleigh Fading 222 2.3 System Model for Uplink and downlink 226 2. 4 Basic Impact of spatial Channel Correlation 8 2.5 Channel hardening and favorable propagation 231 6 Local Scattering Spatial Correlation Model 235 2.7 Summary of Key points in Section 2 2 3 Channel Estimation 244 3.1 Uplink pilot Transmission 244 3.2 MMSE Channel Estimation 3.3 Impact of Spatial Correlation and Pilot Contamination 254 3.4 Computational Complexity and low-Complexity Estimators 264 3.5 Data-Aided Channel Estimation and pilot decontamination 271 3.6 Summary of Key points in Section 3 274 4 Spectral Efficiency 275 4.1 Uplink Spectral Efficiency and receive combining 275 4.2 Alternative UL SE Expressions and Key properties 301 4.3 Downlink Spectral Efficiency and Transmit Precoding 316 4.4 Asymptotic analysis 335 4.5 Summary of Key points in Section 4 351 5 Energy Efficiency 353 5.1 Motivation 354 5.2 Transmit Power Consumption 357 5.3 Definition of Energy Efficiency 362 5. 4 Circuit Power Consumption Model 375 5.5 Tradeoff Between Energy Efficiency and Throughput 390 5.6 Network Design for Maximal Energy Efficiency 395 5.7 Summary of Key points in Section 5 401 6 Hardware Efficiency 403 6.1 Transceiver Hardware Impairments 404 6.2 Channel Estimation with Hardware Impairments 413 6. 3 Spectral efficiency with hardware Impairments 419 6.4 Hardware-Quality Scaling Law 439 6.5 Summary of Key points in Section 6 449 7 Practical Deployment Considerations 451 7.1 Power Allocation 452 7.2 Spatial Resource Allocation 468 7.3 Channel Modeling 482 7.4 Array deployment 500 7.5 Millimeter Wavelength Communications 522 7.6 Heterogeneous Networks 527 7.7 Case Stud 537 7.8 Summary of Key points in Section 7 546 Acknowledgements 548 Appendices 549 a Notation and abbreviations 550 b Standard Results 558 B. 1 Matrix Analysis 558 B 2 Random vectors and matrices 563 B 3 Properties of the lambert w Function 567 B4 Basic Estimation Theory 567 B5 Basic Information Theory 572 B6 Basic Optimization Theory 575 c Collection of proofs 579 C 1 Proofs in Section 1 579 C2 Proofs in Section 3 591 C 3 Proofs in Section 4 593 C 4 Proofs in Section 5 609 C5 Proofs in Section 6 612 References 621 Massive MIMo Networks: Spectral Energy, and Hardware Efficiency Emil Bjornson, Jakob Hoydis 2 and Luca Sanguinetti Linkoping University; emilbjornsonliuse 2BellLabs,Nokia;jakob.hoydisnokia.com uNiversity of Pisa; luca sanguinettiunipi.it ABSTRaCT Massive multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO) is one of the most promising technologies for the next generation of wireless communication networks because it has the potential to provide game-changing improvements in spectral efficiency(SE) and en- ergy efficiency(EE). This monograph summarizes many years of research insights in a clear and self-contained way and provides the reader with the necessary knowledge and mathematical tools to carry out independent research in this area. Starting from a rigorous definition of Massive Mimo, the monograph covers the important aspects of channel estimation, se, ee, hardware efficiency(HE), and various practical deployment considerations From the beginning, a very general, yet tractable, canonical system model with spatial channel correlation is introduced. This model is used to realistically assess the se and ee, and is later extended to also include the impact of hardware impairments. Owing to this rigorous modeling approach, a lot of classic "wisdom"about Massive mimo, based on too simplistic system models, is shown to be questionable The monograph contains many numerical examples, which can be reproduced using Matlab code that is available online at https://dx.doi.org/10.1561/2000000093supp Emil Bjornson, Jakob Hoydis and Luca Sanguinetti (2017), "Massive MIMO Networks Spectral, Energy, and Hardware Efficiency", Foundations and Trends in Signal Processing:Vol.11,No.3-4,pp154655.DOI:10.1561/2000000 Preface Why We Wrote this Monograph Massive multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO) is currently a buzz word in the evolution of cellular networks, but there is a great divide between what different people read into it. Some say Massive MIMO was conceived by Thomas Marzetta in a seminal paper from 2010 but the terminology cannot be found in that paper. Some say it reincarnation of space-division multiple access(SDMA), but with more antennas than in the field-trials carried out in the 1990s. Some say that any radio technology with at least 64 antennas is Massive MIMO. In this monograph, we explain what Massive MImo is to us and how the research conducted in the past decades lead to a scalable multiantenna technology that offers great throughput and energy efficiency under practical conditions. We decided to write this monograph to share the insights and know-how that each of us has obtained through ten years of multiuser MIMo research. two key differences from previous books on this topic are the spatial channel correlation and the rigorous signal processing design considered herein, which uncover fundamental characteristics that are easily overlooked by using more tractable but less realistic models and processing schemes. In our effort to provide a coherent description of the topic we cover many details that cannot be found in the research literature, but are important to connect the dots 155 156 This monograph is substantially longer than the average monograph published in Foundations and Trends, but we did not choose the pub- lisher based on the format but the quality and openness that it offers We want to reach a broad audience by offering printed books as well as open access to an electronic version. We have made the simulation code available online, to encourage reproducibility and continued research This monograph is targeted at graduate students, researchers, and pro fessors who want to learn the conceptual and analytical foundations of Massive MIMO, in terms of spectral, energy, and or hardware efficiency s well as channel estimation and practical considerations. We also cover some related topics and recent trends, but purposely in less detail to focus on the unchanging fundamentals and not on the things that current research is targeting. Basic linear algebra, probability theory estimation theory, and information theory are sufficient to read this monograph. The appendices contain detailed proofs of the analytical results and, for completeness, the basic theory is also summarized Structure of the Monograph Section 1 introduces the basic concepts that lay the foundation for the definition and design of Massive MImo. Section 2 provides a rigorous definition of the Massive MiMo technology and introduces the system and channel models that are used in the remainder of the monograph Section 3 describes the signal processing used for channel estimation on the basis of uplink(UL) pilots. Receive combining and transmit precoding are considered in Section 4 wherein expressions for the spectral efficiency(SE) achieved in the UL and downlink(Dl) are derived and the key insights are described and exemplified. Section 5 shows that Massive Mimo also plays a key role when designing highly energy efficient cellular networks. Section 6 analyzes how transceiver hardware impairments affect the se and shows that Massive Mimo makes more efficient use of the hardware. This opens the door for using components with lower resolution (e. g, fewer quantization bits) to save energy and cost. Section 7 provides an overview of important practical aspects such as spatial resource allocation, channel modeling, array deployment and the role of Massive MIMo in heterogeneous networks 157 How to Use this Monograph Researchers who want to delve into the field of Massive MIMO(e. g, for the purpose of performing independent research) can basically read the monograph from cover to cover. However, we stress that Sections 5, 6 and 7 can be read in any order, based on personal preferences Each section ends with a summary of key points. A professor who s familiar with the broad field of Mimo can read these summaries to become acquainted with the content, and then decide what to read in detail a graduate-level course can cover Sections 1-4 in depth or partially Selected parts of the remaining sections may also be included in the course. depending on the background and interest of the students. An extensive slide set and homework exercises are made available for teach- ers who would like to give a course based on this monograph The authors. October 2017 Introduction and motivation Wireless communication technology has fundamentally changed the way we communicate. The time when telephones, computers, and Inter net connections were bound to be wired, and only used at predefined locations, has passed. These communications services are nowadays wirelessly accessible almost everywhere on Earth, thanks to the deploy ment of cellular wide area networks(e.g, based on the GSM, UMTS and LTEs standards), local area networks(based on different versions of the WiFi standard IEEE 802.11), and satellite services. Wireless connectivity has become an essential part of the society as vital as electricity-and as such the technology itself spurs new applications and services. We have already witnessed the streaming media revolution where music and video are delivered on demand over the internet. The first steps towards a fully networked society with augmented reality applications, connected homes and cars, and machine-to-machine com munications have also been taken. Looking 15 years into the future, we will find new innovative wireless services that we cannot predict today Global System for Mobile Communications(GSM) Universal Mobile Telecommunications System(UMTS Long Term Evolution(LTE) 158

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